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. 2019 Feb 21;9:2494. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39579-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reactive oxygen species generation induced by cationic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). (a) The level of ROS generation in cationic AuNPs-treated cells were monitored. MUAM-AuNPs treated cells showed increased ROS level comparable to H₂O₂-treated control group, while other cationic AuNPs did not induce noticeable ROS generation. Scale bar: 20 μm. (b) The fluorescence intensity shows the amount of ROS in AuNPs-treated cells. The level of ROS increased as the concentration of MUAM-AuNPs increased (***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA).