Fig. 1.

SsD and SsA inhibit autophagy in HeLa cells. a Structures of SsA, SsC, and SsD. b SsD (15 μM) and SsA (30 μM), but not SsC, significantly increased LC3-II yellow puncta formation but did not significantly affect LC3-II red-only puncta in RFP-GFP-LC3-expressing HeLa cells. Scale bar = 10 μm. Quantification of LC3 yellow puncta/red puncta (%) is presented as the mean ± S.E., n = ~80 cells from 3 independent experiments. c Treatment of HeLa cells with SsD for 6 h induced the accumulation of both LC3-II and SQSTM1 in a dose-dependent manner. d SsD (15 μM) induced the accumulation of both LC3-II and SQSTM1 in HeLa cells in a time-dependent manner. e SsA (30 μM) induced the accumulation of both LC3-II and SQSTM1 in HeLa cells in a time-dependent manner. f Treatment with different concentrations of SsC for 6 h failed to induce the accumulation of either LC3-II or SQSTM1 in HeLa cells. g SsD (15 μM) reversibly inhibited autophagy