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. 2019 Feb 21;10:884. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08621-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Ancestral character estimation of polygyny and syllable repertoire. At the tips of the tree, monogamy is indicated by black circles and polygyny is indicated by white circles. At the nodes of the tree, bars indicate the results of an ancestral character estimation algorithm, with the black fraction of the bar indicating the percent likelihood that the ancestor at that node was monogamous. The colors along the branches of the tree indicate the estimated ancestral syllable repertoire size. The syllable repertoire sizes ranged from 1 to 2400 in these species and were log₁₀ transformed for analysis. Asterisks indicate nodes that had less than 70% support across 1000 tree replicates; no node had less than 50% support on this tree. Monogamous and polygynous species did not have significantly different syllable repertoire sizes (PhylANOVA p = 0.250). Images representing taxa were used or modified from PhyloPic (http://phylopic.org). Several images are used under Creative Commons licenses, with changes made where indicated: Sturnidae (credit to Maxime Dahirel, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), Estrildidae (credit to Jim Bendon for photography and T. Michael Keesey for vectorization, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), Fringillidae (credit to Francesco Veronesi (vectorized by T. Michael Keesey), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), Emberizidae (credit to L. Shyamal, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/; this image was also adapted for Parulidae), and Mimidae and Motacillidae (credit to Michelle Site, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, both adapted from the original image)