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. 2019 Feb 22;9:2545. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38662-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The likelihood of attacking humans by a breeding Black kite pair increased with: its breeding success (panel a, left bars), with more human waste around its nest (higher hygiene score, panel a, central bars), with the presence of a balcony in close proximity of the pair’s breeding site (panel a, right bars), with higher access to ritual subsidies from Muslim colonies (panel b), and with higher human density in the streets of the nest surroundings (panel c). Error bars represent 1 SE.