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. 2019 Feb 22;9:2620. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38964-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic illustration of the participant selection process that was used in the present study. (a) Of a total of 1,125,691 participants, 20,711 gallstone patients were matched with 82,844 control I participants for age, group, sex, income group, region of residence, and past medical histories. (b) Of a total 1,125,691 participants, 23,165 renal stone patients were matched with 94,460 control II participants for age, group, sex, income group, region of residence, and past medical histories.