Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristics | Study I | Study II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gallstone (n, %) | Control I (n, %) | P-value | Renal stone (n, %) | Control II (n, %) | P-value | |
| Age (years old) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 0–4 | 15 (0.1) | 60 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 60 (0.1) | ||
| 5–9 | 9 (0.0) | 36 (0.0) | 29 (0.1) | 116 (0.1) | ||
| 10–14 | 29 (0.1) | 116 (0.1) | 91 (0.4) | 364 (0.4) | ||
| 15–19 | 171 (0.8) | 684 (0.8) | 443 (1.9) | 1,772 (1.9) | ||
| 20–24 | 292 (1.4) | 1,168 (1.4) | 845 (3.6) | 3,380 (3.6) | ||
| 25–29 | 684 (3.3) | 2,736 (3.3) | 1,595 (6.8) | 6,380 (6.8) | ||
| 30–34 | 1,164 (5.6) | 4,656 (5.6) | 2,307 (9.8) | 9,228 (9.8) | ||
| 35–39 | 1,505 (7.3) | 6,020 (7.3) | 2,740 (11.6) | 10,960 (11.6) | ||
| 40–44 | 1,867 (9.0) | 7,468 (9.0) | 2,947 (12.5) | 11,788 (12.5) | ||
| 45–49 | 2,073 (10.0) | 8,292 (10.0) | 3,068 (13.0) | 12,272 (13.0) | ||
| 50–54 | 2,341 (11.3) | 9,364 (11.3) | 2,809 (11.9) | 11,236 (11.9) | ||
| 55–59 | 2,160 (10.4) | 8,640 (10.4) | 2,279 (9.7) | 9,116 (9.7) | ||
| 60–64 | 2,197 (10.6) | 8,788 (10.6) | 1,826 (7.7) | 7,304 (7.7) | ||
| 65–69 | 1,988 (9.6) | 7,952 (9.6) | 1,304 (5.5) | 5,216 (5.5) | ||
| 70–74 | 1,798 (8.7) | 7,192 (8.7) | 766 (3.2) | 3,064 (3.2) | ||
| 75–79 | 1,262 (6.1) | 5,048 (6.1) | 360 (1.5) | 1,440 (1.5) | ||
| 80–84 | 755 (3.6) | 3,020 (3.6) | 145 (0.6) | 580 (0.6) | ||
| 85+ | 401 (1.9) | 1,604 (1.9) | 46 (0.2) | 184 (0.2) | ||
| Sex | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 10,027 (48.4) | 40,108 (48.4) | 15,260 (64.6) | 61,040 (64.6) | ||
| Female | 10,684 (51.6) | 42,736 (51.6) | 8,355 (35.4) | 33,420 (35.4) | ||
| Income | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 634 (3.1) | 2,536 (3.1) | 284 (1.2) | 1,136 (1.2) | ||
| 2 | 1,468 (7.1) | 5,872 (7.1) | 1,386 (5.9) | 5,544 (5.9) | ||
| 3 | 1,200 (5.8) | 4,800 (5.8) | 1,484 (6.3) | 5,936 (6.3) | ||
| 4 | 1,254 (6.1) | 5,016 (6.1) | 1,646 (7.0) | 6,584 (7.0) | ||
| 5 | 1,466 (7.1) | 5,864 (7.1) | 1,697 (7.2) | 6,788 (7.2) | ||
| 6 | 1,623 (7.8) | 6,492 (7.8) | 1,993 (8.4) | 7,972 (8.4) | ||
| 7 | 1,835 (8.9) | 7,340 (8.9) | 2,384 (10.1) | 9,536 (10.1) | ||
| 8 | 2,147 (10.4) | 8,588 (10.4) | 2,649 (11.2) | 10,596 (11.2) | ||
| 9 | 2,486 (12.0) | 9,944 (12.0) | 2,992 (12.7) | 11,968 (12.7) | ||
| 10 | 2,956 (14.3) | 11,824 (14.3) | 3,341 (14.1) | 13,364 (14.1) | ||
| 11 (highest) | 3,642 (17.6) | 14,568 (17.6) | 3,759 (15.9) | 15,036 (15.9) | ||
| Region of residence | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Urban | 9,290 (44.9) | 37,160 (44.9) | 11,149 (47.2) | 44,596 (47.2) | ||
| Rural | 11,421 (55.1) | 45,684 (55.1) | 12,466 (52.8) | 49,864 (52.8) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 9,008 (43.5) | 36,032 (43.5) | 8,367 (35.4) | 33,468 (35.4) | ||
| No | 11,703 (56.5) | 46,812 (56.5) | 15,248 (64.6) | 60,992 (64.6) | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 5,366 (25.9) | 21,464 (25.9) | 4,509 (19.1) | 18,036 (19.1) | ||
| No | 15,345 (74.1) | 61,380 (74.1) | 19,106 (80.9) | 76,424 (80.9) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 6,620 (32.0) | 26,480 (32.0) | 6,850 (29.0) | 27,400 (29.0) | ||
| No | 14,091 (68.0) | 56,364 (68.0) | 16,765 (71.0) | 67,060 (71.0) | ||
| Renal stone | <0.001* | |||||
| Yes | 563 (2.7) | 1,180 (1.4) | N/A | N/A | ||
| No | 20,148 (97.3) | 81,664 (98.6) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Gallstone | <0.001* | |||||
| Yes | N/A | N/A | 793 (3.4) | 1,631 (1.7) | ||
| No | N/A | N/A | 22,822 (96.6) | 92,829 (98.3) | ||
*Chi-square test, significance at P < 0.05.