Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of the relation of basic, underlying, and proximal factors with CAS (Weighted N = 2902)
| Variables | Weighted frequency (%) | CAS Prevalence (95% CI) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic factors | ||||
| Residence place | Urban | 11.9 | 16.1 (12.0–20.2) | 0.001 |
| Rural | 88.1 | 25.0 (23.3–26.7) | ||
| Region (state) | Pastoral | 6.4 | 22.6 (16.2–29.1) | 0.606 |
| Agrarian | 93.6 | 24.4 (22.8–26.1) | ||
| Wealth category | Low | 44.1 | 31.7 (26.4–37.1) | < 0.001 |
| Middle | 22.5 | 16.4 (11.0–21.9) | ||
| High | 33.4 | 14.5 (11.0–17.9) | ||
| Caregivers education | No | 61.0 | 23.4 (19.6–27.2) | < 0.001 |
| Primary | 30.6 | 18.5 (14.1–22.9) | ||
| Secondary+ | 8.4 | 13.5 (6.4–20.5) | ||
| Underlying factors | ||||
| Water source type | Not improved | 50.1 | 22.9 (19.1–26.8) | 0.065 |
| Improved | 49.9 | 17.9 (14.1–21.7) | ||
| Toilet facility type | Not improved | 90.2 | 21.1 (18.2–24.1) | 0.001 |
| Improved | 9.8 | 17.2 (10.3–24.1) | ||
| Proximal factors | ||||
| Child sex | Boy | 46.9 | 21.2 (17.2–25.2) | 0.033 |
| Girl | 53.1 | 20.1 (16.5–23.8) | ||
| Child age | < 12 months | 34.9 | 12.1 (8.5–15.7) | < 0.001 |
| 12–23 months | 65.1 | 25.4 (21.8–29.1) | ||
| Birth size | Small | 27.0 | 29.7 (23.7–35.8) | < 0.001 |
| Average | 40.7 | 19.1 (15.1–23.2) | ||
| Large | 32.3 | 15.3 (11.0–19.5) | ||
| Infection historya | No | 62.4 | 20.0 (16.6–23.4) | 0.031 |
| Yes | 37.6 | 21.6 (17.2–25.9) | ||
| Breastfeeding duration | < 12 months | 38.4 | 22.1 (18.5–25.7) | 0.692 |
| 12–23 monhs | 61.6 | 25.4 (21.8–29.1) | ||
| Early breastfeeding initiation | No | 10.9 | 22.4 (14.0–30.9) | 0.533 |
| Yes | 89.1 | 20.4 (17.6–23.2) | ||
| Deworming | No | 90.8 | 20.5 (17.7–23.3) | 0.802 |
| Yes | 9.2 | 22.0 (12.2–31.8) | ||
| Vitamin A supplement | No | 56.4 | 18.0 (14.5–21.5) | 0.043 |
| Yes | 43.6 | 23.8 (19.6–28.0) | ||
| Iron supplement | No | 92.1 | 20.1 (17.2–22.9) | 0.337 |
| Yes | 7.9 | 25.4 (16.4–34.5) | ||
| Grains and tubers | No | 27.8 | 25.5 (19.6–31.4) | 0.349 |
| Yes | 72.2 | 19.1 (16.1–22.1) | ||
| VARFV | No | 72.3 | 21.3 (18.1–24.5) | 0.088 |
| Yes | 27.7 | 18.9 (14.0–23.8) | ||
| OFV | No | 82.8 | 22.2 (19.2–25.3) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 17.2 | 14.1 (8.9–19.3) | ||
| Meat | No | 91.6 | 21.5 (18.6–24.3) | 0.050 |
| Yes | 8.4 | 13.8 (6.8–20.9) | ||
| Milk | No | 61.7 | 22.2 (18.7–25.6) | 0.013 |
| Yes | 38.3 | 18.0 (13.7–22.2) | ||
| Legumes and nuts | No | 79.1 | 22.3 (19.1–25.4) | 0.064 |
| Yes | 20.9 | 14.8 (9.7–19.9) | ||
| Egg | No | 83.3 | 21.3 (18.3–24.3) | 0.348 |
| Yes | 16.7 | 17.9 (12.0–23.7) | ||
| MDDb | No | 84.6 | 22.7 (19.7–25.8) | 0.010 |
| Yes | 15.4 | 11.0 (0.06–15.9) | ||
| MMFc | No | 57.3 | 19.4 (15.9–22.9) | 0.022 |
| Yes | 42.7 | 22.3 (18.0–26.5) | ||
CAS: concurrent anemia and stunting, CI: confidence interval, VARFV: vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, OFV: other fruits and vegetables
a = Infection defined as history of cough, diarrhea, or fever in the last 2 weeks (yes, any one of the three conditions)
b = Minimum dietary diversity defined as, according to the WHO criteria, eating from 4 or more of the 7 food groups
c = Minimum meal frequency defined as, according to the WHO criteria, when a child ate at least 3 and 4 times a day for breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding, respectively
*Based on Chi-square test of association