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. 2019 Feb 22;9:2567. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37495-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cocaine increases permeability of endothelial barrier. (A) Schematic representation of the endothelial barrier model used in the study. Specified number of HBMECs [1 × 10⁵ (B), 2 × 10⁵ (C), 8 × 10⁴ (C,D)], were seeded on transwell inserts for 3 days (B–D) and 7 days (E). Establishment of a continuous layer was monitored by light microscopy. To measure permeability of the barrier, FITC-dextran was added to the upper chamber and fluorescence in the culture media of the lower chamber was measured. Transwell inserts without cells are used as the control for measuring relative permeability of the FITC-dextran. (F,G) Effect of cocaine treatment on permeability of HBMEC barrier. (F) 8 × 10⁴ HBMECs were seeded on a transwell for 7 days. Thereafter, the cell layer was treated with cocaine (50 μM) for 18–24 h and FITC- dextran permeability was measured. (G) Effects of cocaine treatment on endothelial cell permeability was measured as a function of time. Data represents the mean ± SEM of at least three determinations. *P < 0.05 represents statistical comparisons of no cells and cells in Panels (B–E), and untreated and cocaine-treated samples in Panel (F).