Table 1.
Participant Characteristics.
| Categorical Variables | All (N = 200) | Biomass (N = 100) | LPG (N = 100) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N | N | |
| Smoker | |||
| No | 171 (85.5) | 75 | 96 |
| Yes | 29 (14.5) | 25 | 4 |
| Hookah | 16 (8.0) | 16 | 0 |
| Bidi | 19 (9.5) | 15 | 4 |
| Cigarette | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 |
| Secondhand Smoke Exposure | |||
| No | 83 (41.5) | 21 | 62 |
| Yes | 117 (58.5) | 79 | 38 |
| Hookah | 42 (21.0) | 42 | 0 |
| Bidi | 101 (50.5) | 71 | 30 |
| Cigarette | 31 (15.5) | 14 | 17 |
| Primary Cooking Area | |||
| Indoors | 118 (59.0) | 20 | 98 |
| Any Ventilation | 84 (42.0) | 0 | 84 |
| 4-Walls | 10 (5.0) | 2 | 8 |
| 3-Wall | 7 (3.5) | 4 | 3 |
| 2-Walls | 11 (5.5) | 14 | 34 |
| Secondary Biomass Fuels | |||
| Kerosene | 26 (13.0) | 20 | 6 |
| Wood | 78 (39.0) | 72 | 6 |
| Paper | 24 (12.0) | 24 | 0 |
| Twigs | 45 (22.5) | 44 | 1 |
| Polythene | 25 (12.5) | 24 | 1 |
| Charcoal | 1 (0.5) | 1 | 0 |
| Husk | 11 (5.5) | 11 | 0 |
| Time spent cooking | |||
| 1–2 Hours | 48 (24) | 14 | 34 |
| 2–4 Hours | 123 (61.5) | 66 | 57 |
| 4–6 Hours | 23 (11.5) | 15 | 8 |
| >6 Hours | 6 (3) | 5 | 1 |
| Years as Primary Cook | |||
| 1–3 years | 15 (7.5) | 2 | 13 |
| 3–6 years | 19 (9.5) | 5 | 14 |
| >6 years | 166 (83.0) | 93 | 73 |
| Continuous Variables | |||
| Age (year; mean, SD) | 33.3 (9.0) | 35.1 (10.0) | 31.4 (7.4) |
| Education (years; median, IQR) | 5.0 (0–8) | 4.5 (0–7) | 6.5 (0–10) |
| Height (m; mean, SD) | 1.52 (0.05) | 1.54 (0.05) | 1.51 (0.05) |
| Weight (kg; mean, SD) | 54.5 (11.0) | 53.5 (10.2) | 55.5 (11.8) |
| FEV1 (L; mean, SD) | 2.05 (0.40) | 2.06 (0.44) | 2.04 (0.35) |
| FVC (L; mean, SD) | 2.60 (0.45) | 2.64 (0.49) | 2.55 (0.39) |
| FEF25–75 (L/s; mean/SD) | 2.07 (0.86) | 2.00 (0.96) | 2.14 (0.73) |
| FEV1/FVC ratio (%; mean, SD) | 78.8 (7.01) | 77.9 (7.06) | 79.8 (6.86) |
| PEF (L/s; mean, SD) | 3.21 (0.64) | 3.19 (0.68) | 3.22 (0.61) |