Table 4.
Associations Between Sexual Orientation, Prescription Opioid Misuse, and Prescription Opioid Use Disorder in U.S. Adults
| Characteristics | Past-year opioid misuse | Past-month opioid misuse | Past-year opioid use disorder | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Sexual identity | ||||||
| Full sample | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Gay/lesbian | 2.01 (1.51, 2.69)*** | 1.27 (0.88, 1.83) | 1.28 (0.73, 2.25) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.31) | 2.37 (1.19, 4.72)* | 1.44 (0.65, 3.19) |
| Bisexual | 2.91 (2.43, 3.49)*** | 1.53 (1.20, 1.97)** | 3.37 (2.47, 4.59)*** | 1.66 (1.14, 2.42)** | 3.05 (2.02, 4.58)*** | 1.51 (0.91, 2.51) |
| Males | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Gay | 1.98 (1.28, 3.06)** | 1.39 (0.74, 2.58) | 0.84 (0.40, 1.78) | 0.61 (0.27,1.36) | 2.47 (1.16, 5.23)* | 1.87 (0.78, 4.47) |
| Bisexual | 1.61 (1.01, 2.55)* | 1.03 (0.65, 1.63) | 1.46 (0.65, 3.32) | 1.11 (0.48, 2.55) | 2.82 (1.23, 6.45)* | 1.97 (0.79, 4.92) |
| Females | ||||||
| Heterosexual | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Lesbian | 1.92 (1.31, 2.81)** | 1.13 (0.80, 1.60) | 2.06 (0.86, 4.96) | 1.17 (0.56, 2.41) | 1.84 (0.71, 4.73) | 1.03 (0.29, 3.66) |
| Bisexual | 4.10 (3.27, 5.15)*** | 1.82 (1.36, 2.45)*** | 5.15 (3.63, 7.30)*** | 2.11 (1.37, 3.26)** | 3.90 (2.66, 5.71)*** | 1.25 (0.73, 2.14) |
| Sexual attraction | ||||||
| Full sample | ||||||
| Only opposite sex | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Mostly opposite sex | 2.15 (1.77, 2.63)*** | 1.40 (1.12, 1.75)** | 1.99 (1.50, 2.65)*** | 1.22 (0.87, 1.70) | 2.42 (1.58, 3.69)*** | 1.73 (1.06, 2.83)* |
| Equal to both sexes | 1.78 (1.38, 2.30)*** | 1.41 (1.07, 1.85)* | 1.98 (1.26, 3.11)** | 1.46 (0.90, 2.38) | 1.39 (0.78, 2.49) | 1.06 (0.54, 2.08) |
| Mostly same sex | 1.84 (1.17, 2.89)** | 1.43 (0.84, 2.46) | 1.32 (0.68, 2.60) | 1.19 (0.58, 2.45) | 1.37 (0.42, 4.53) | 1.33 (0.36, 4.87) |
| Only same sex | 1.63 (1.14, 2.33)** | 1.01 (0.63, 1.62) | 1.06 (0.52, 2.15) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.18) | 2.09 (0.92, 4.70) | 1.22 (0.52, 2.86) |
| Males | ||||||
| Only opposite sex | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Mostly opposite sex | 1.51 (0.95, 2.39) | 1.09 (0.66, 1.80) | 1.40 (0.79, 2.47) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.99) | 1.95 (0.90, 4.26) | 1.61 (0.67, 3.89) |
| Equal to both sexes | 1.19 (0.66, 2.17) | 1.28 (0.66, 2.47) | 0.49 (0.14, 1.67) | 0.57 (0.17, 1.92) | 1.11 (0.35, 3.48) | 1.27 (0.39, 4.10) |
| Mostly same sex | 1.59 (0.75, 3.37) | 1.39 (0.53, 3.66) | 0.14 (0.02, 1.16) | 0.16 (0.02, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.14, 7.79) | 1.12 (0.13, 9.89) |
| Only same sex | 1.60 (0.95, 2.68) | 1.13 (0.54, 2.35) | 0.73 (0.33, 1.60) | 0.56 (0.23, 1.37) | 2.31 (1.03, 5.15)* | 1.78 (0.80, 3.98) |
| Females | ||||||
| Only opposite sex | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Mostly opposite sex | 2.97 (2.37, 3.72)*** | 1.66 (1.26, 2.16)*** | 2.80 (2.00, 3.93)*** | 1.41 (0.99, 2.02) | 3.41 (1.96, 5.94)*** | 1.85 (1.00, 3.41)* |
| Equal to both sexes | 2.41 (1.82, 3.19)*** | 1.58 (1.19, 2.09)** | 3.21 (1.93, 5.34)*** | 2.01 (1.18, 3.41)* | 2.00 (1.07, 3.75)* | 0.90 (0.41, 1.97) |
| Mostly same sex | 2.24 (1.41, 3.57)** | 1.62 (0.94, 2.79) | 3.06 (1.51, 6.18)** | 2.43 (1.13, 5.22)* | 2.03 (0.52, 7.59) | 1.42 (0.28, 7.08) |
| Only same sex | 1.53 (0.81, 2.90) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.41) | 1.69 (0.54, 5.29) | 0.87 (0.37, 2.03) | 1.16 (0.28, 4.88) | 0.62 (0.12, 3.26) |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001). Sexual orientation and sexual attraction were independent variables in separate models. Adjusted models controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, annual family income, population density, whether or not the participant receives government assistance, and past-year use of marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, and tranquilizer misuse.