Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 22.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018 Jul;14(7):442–456. doi: 10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2

Table 1 |.

Changes in the gut microbial composition in hypertension and CKD

Bacteria Hypertension CKD
Change (organism) Refs Change (organism) Refs
Actinobacteria
Bifidobacterium ↓ (rat) 87,89 ↓ (human and rat) 103,217
Bacteroidetes
Bactemides ↓ (human and rat) 87,89,90,95 ↓ (human and rat) 101,104
Prevotella ↑ (human) 90 ↓ (human) 107,110
Parabactewides ↑ (human and rat) 87,90 ↑ (human) 110
Firmicutes
Lactobacillus ↓ (human and mouse) 92 ↓ (human and rat) 101,104
Ruminococcaceae NA NA ↓ (human) 107
Roseburia ↓ (human) 90 ↓ (human) 107
Allobaculum ↓ (rat) 87 NA NA
Enterococcus NA NA ↑ (human) 107
Faecalibacterium ↓ (human) 90 ↓ (human) 107
Proteobacteria
Enterobacteriaceae NA NA ↑ (human) 101,105
Klebsiella ↓ (human) 203 ↑ (human) 107
Verrucomicrobia
Akkermansia ↓ (human and rat) 87,90 NA NA

Changes in microbial composition in comparison with the microbiota of healthy controls. ↑, proportion increased; ↓, proportion decreased; CKD, chronic kidney disease; NA, not available.