Table 1. Flavonoid and phenolic acid contents in C. paliurus leaves from the 21 populations.

Populations	Flavonoid content (mg/g)							Phenolic acid content (mg/g)
	Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide	Quercetin-3-O-galactoside	Isoquercitrin	Kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide	Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside	Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside	Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside	3-O-caffeoyluinicacid	4-O-caffeoylquinicacid
S1	2.48 ± 0.13i–k	0.72 ± 0.02ef	0.04 ± 0.00fg	2.15 ± 0.07h-j	nd	nd	0.22 ± 0.00i–k	2.51 ± 0.05j	nd
S2	5.66 ± 0.06a	1.01 ± 0.00a	0.13 ± 0.00d	3.13 ± 0.02cd	nd	0.61 ± 0.00a	1.54 ± 0.01a	4.04 ± 0.26c–e	2.42 ± 0.18a
S3	2.84 ± 0.11g–j	0.54 ± 0.02ij	nd	2.53 ± 0.07f–h	nd	0.47 ± 0.00g	0.26 ± 0.01h-j	3.25 ± 0.07hi	1.04 ± 0.03b–e
S4	2.14 ± 0.00k	0.60 ± 0.03g–j	0.11 ± 0.01de	1.96 ± 0.18ij	1.99 ± 0.15a	0.41 ± 0.00h	0.35 ± 0.04g–i	3.29 ± 0.21g–i	0.88 ± 0.24e
S5	3.43 ± 0.03d–f	0.76 ± 0.04d–f	0.12 ± 0.01d	2.65 ± 0.01e–g	nd	0.51 ± 0.01d–g	0.32 ± 0.01hi	3.39 ± 0.00f–i	1.09 ± 0.00b–e
S6	3.11 ± 0.19f–h	0.90 ± 0.06a–c	0.20 ± 0.02c	2.49 ± 0.11f–h	1.51 ± 0.01c	0.53 ± 0.01c–f	1.00 ± 0.02d	4.70 ± 0.30b	0.96 ± 0.04c–e
S7	3.17 ± 0.12e–g	0.59 ± 0.03h-j	nd	2.72 ± 0.04e–g	nd	0.50 ± 0.01d–g	0.68 ± 0.01e	3.07 ± 0.10hi	nd
S8	2.94 ± 0.13g–i	0.74 ± 0.04ef	0.10 ± 0.02d–f	2.57 ± 0.05fg	nd	0.51 ± 0.00d–g	1.25 ± 0.02bc	3.86 ± 0.20d–f	1.02 ± 0.02b–e
S9	2.42 ± 0.04jk	0.58 ± 0.00ij	0.05 ± 0.00e–g	2.15 ± 0.22h-j	nd	0.50 ± 0.00d–g	0.08 ± 0.01kl	3.41 ± 0.01f–i	0.89 ± 0.01e
S10	3.65 ± 0.11c–e	0.71 ± 0.03e–h	0.10 ± 0.02d–f	3.55 ± 0.06b	nd	0.57 ± 0.01a–c	1.18 ± 0.02c	4.75 ± 0.23b	1.41 ± 0.06b
S11	4.01 ± 0.05bc	0.92 ± 0.02ab	0.12 ± 0.01d	3.35 ± 0.01bc	nd	nd	0.12 ± 0.01j-l	3.58 ± 0.01e–h	1.02 ± 0.00b–e
S12	3.80 ± 0.09b–d	0.87 ± 0.01b–d	0.19 ± 0.02c	2.68 ± 0.02e–g	nd	0.55 ± 0.03b–d	0.86 ± 0.02d	4.33 ± 0.03b–d	1.30 ± 0.02b–d
S13	3.93 ± 0.21bc	0.57 ± 0.06ij	0.09 ± 0.02d–f	2.46 ± 0.00f–h	nd	0.49 ± 0.03e–g	0.63 ± 0.01e	5.60 ± 0.08a	1.15 ± 0.22b–e
S14	5.29 ± 0.12a	0.82 ± 0.03b–e	0.02 ± 0.00g	4.40 ± 0.04a	nd	0.59 ± 0.01ab	1.59 ± 0.05a	4.53 ± 0.02bc	1.39 ± 0.00b
S15	2.89 ± 0.07g–j	0.55 ± 0.01ij	nd	2.35 ± 0.05g–i	nd	0.49 ± 0.01e–g	0.47 ± 0.01fg	4.06 ± 0.07c–e	1.08 ± 0.02b–e
S16	2.57 ± 0.03i–k	0.83 ± 0.02b–e	0.13 ± 0.01d	3.14 ± 0.02cd	nd	0.54 ± 0.00b–e	0.69 ± 0.00e	3.36 ± 0.03f–i	0.94 ± 0.00de
S17	2.65 ± 0.24h-j	0.79 ± 0.07c–e	0.12 ± 0.03d	3.03 ± 0.30c–e	1.49 ± 0.00c	0.53 ± 0.03c–f	0.61 ± 0.15ef	2.99 ± 0.14ij	0.92 ± 0.05de
S18	4.24 ± 0.17b	0.72 ± 0.02e–g	0.43 ± 0.03a	3.32 ± 0.06bc	1.63 ± 0.03bc	0.57 ± 0.01a–c	1.34 ± 0.02b	3.82 ± 0.07d–g	1.34 ± 0.01bc
S19	1.61 ± 0.00l	0.76 ± 0.00d–f	0.09 ± 0.00d–f	1.80 ± 0.00j	1.59 ± 0.01bc	0.54 ± 0.00c–e	0.41 ± 0.02gh	3.35 ± 0.01f–i	0.90 ± 0.03e
S20	2.70 ± 0.03g–j	0.66 ± 0.01f–i	0.35 ± 0.02b	2.79 ± 0.03d–f	1.70 ± 0.10b	0.49 ± 0.00fg	0.69 ± 0.01e	4.36 ± 0.12b–d	1.03 ± 0.21b–e
S21	3.10 ± 0.15f–h	0.52 ± 0.00j	0.07 ± 0.00d–g	2.35 ± 0.04g–i	nd	0.49 ± 0.00fg	0.07 ± 0.02l	2.88 ± 0.12ij	0.91 ± 0.04de

Note:

Data were expressed as mean ± SD of duplicate experiments. Different letters indicate significant difference in compounds contentin C. paliurus leaves from 21 population (p ≤ 0.05). Nd was not detected.