Table 2.
Association of maternal GDM status during pregnancy with child glucose outcomes
| Continuous child metabolic outcomes | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
β (95% CI) |
|
| P value, R2 | P value, R2 | P value, R2 | P value, R2 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 0.026 (−0.0056 to 0.056) | 0.024 (−0.0072 to 0.055) | 0.021 (−0.0094 to 0.052) | 0.022 (−0.0083 to 0.053) |
| P = 0.11, 0.23 | P = 0.13, 0.23 | P = 0.18, 0.23 | P = 0.16, 0.23 | |
| 30-min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.27 (0.16–0.39) | 0.28 (0.17–0.40) | 0.27 (0.15–0.38) | 0.28 (0.16–0.40) |
| P < 0.0001, 0.12 | P < 0.0001, 0.12 | P < 0.0001, 0.12 | P < 0.0001, 0.12 | |
| 1-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.34 (0.19–0.49) | 0.35 (0.20–0.50) | 0.33 (0.18–0.48) | 0.35 (0.20–0.50) |
| P < 0.0001, 0.071 | P < 0.0001, 0.072 | P < 0.0001, 0.072 | P < 0.0001, 0.072 | |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0.20 (0.10–0.30) | 0.20 (0.10–0.30) | 0.18 (0.08–0.28) | 0.20 (0.10–0.30) |
| P < 0.0001, 0.079 | P < 0.0001, 0.079 | P = 0.0004, 0.095 | P = 0.0001, 0.096 | |
| Sum of glucose z scores | 0.65 (0.41–0.88) | 0.66 (0.42–0.90) | 0.61 (0.37–0.84) | 0.65 (0.41–0.88) |
| P < 0.0001, 0.17 | P < 0.0001, 0.17 | P < 0.0001, 0.17 | P < 0.0001, 0.17 | |
| Matsuda index | −114.5 (−174.5 to −54.5) | −91.6 (−151.6 to −31.6) | −70.9 (−124.4 to −17.5) | −76.3 (−130.3 to −22.4) |
| P = 0.0002, 0.22 | P = 0.0031, 0.23 | P = 0.010, 0.38 | P = 0.0063, 0.38 | |
| Insulinogenic index | −0.034 (−0.10 to 0.029) | −0.053 (−0.12 to 0.010) | −0.052 (−0.11 to 0.010) | −0.060 (−0.120 to 0.0030) |
| P = 0.28, 0.052 | P = 0.10, 0.058 | P = 0.10, 0.080 | P = 0.061, 0.081 | |
| Disposition index | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.06) | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.065) | −0.11 (−0.17 to −0.057) | −0.12 (−0.17 to −0.064) |
| P < 0.0001, 0.071 | P < 0.0001, 0.071 | P < 0.0001, 0.073 | P < 0.0001, 0.074 |
Model 1 was adjusted for field center + child age, sex, and pubertal status (Tanner stage 1, 2/3, 4/5, and sex × Tanner stage interaction) + maternal variables at pregnancy OGTT (age, height, mean arterial pressure, parity [0 or 1+], smoking [yes/no], drinking [yes/no], and gestational age), and child’s family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives. Model 2 was model 1 + maternal BMI at pregnancy OGTT. Model 3 was model 1 + child’s BMI z score. Model 4 was model 1 + maternal BMI at pregnancy OGTT + child’s BMI z score.