Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 10 years of survival, stratified by mean HbA1c during the 0-to-1-year early glycemic exposure period
| HbA1c | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | <6.5% (<48 mmol/mol) | 6.5% to <7.0% (48 to <53 mmol/mol) | 7% to <8.0% (53 to <64 mmol/mol) | 8.0% to <9.0% (64 to <75 mmol/mol) | ≥9.0% (75 mmol/mol) | Missing | P value | |
| Patients, n (%) | 34,737 (100) | 14,286 (41.1) | 5,877 (16.9) | 4,730 (13.6) | 1,418 (4.1) | 1,290 (3.7) | 7,136 (20.5) | |
| Follow-up time (year), mean (SD) | 13.0 (1.9) | 12.9 (1.9) | 12.6 (1.8) | 12.8 (1.8) | 13.1 (1.8) | 13.3 (1.9) | 13.3 (2.0) | <0.0001 |
| Age at diagnosis (year), mean (SD) | 56.8 (11.0) | 57.9 (10.9) | 57.9 (10.9) | 56.2 (11.0) | 53.4 (10.7) | 52.0 (10.0) | 55.7 (10.7) | <0.0001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 16,216 (46.7) | 6,329 (44.3) | 3,015 (51.3) | 2,451 (51.8) | 706 (49.8) | 588 (45.6) | 3,127 (43.8) | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 17,625 (50.7) | 7,996 (56.0) | 2,859 (48.7) | 2,177 (46.0) | 591 (41.7) | 506 (39.2) | 3,496 (49.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3,253 (9.4) | 1,154 (8.1) | 555 (9.4) | 494 (10.4) | 166 (11.7) | 201 (15.6) | 683 (9.6) | |
| Hispanic | 4,531 (13.0) | 1,831 (12.8) | 703 (12.0) | 596 (12.6) | 197 (13.9) | 218 (16.9) | 986 (13.8) | |
| Asian | 6,351 (18.3) | 2,148 (15.0) | 1,231 (21.0) | 1,046 (22.1) | 328 (23.1) | 231 (17.9) | 1,367 (19.2) | |
| Mixed | 2,158 (6.2) | 857 (6.0) | 377 (6.4) | 311 (6.6) | 101 (7.1) | 91 (7.1) | 421 (5.9) | |
| Other/missing | 819 (2.4) | 300 (2.1) | 152 (2.6) | 106 (2.2) | 35 (2.5) | 43 (3.3) | 183 (2.6) | |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 6.7 (1.2) | 6.0 (0.4) | 6.7 (0.1) | 7.4 (0.3) | 8.4 (0.3) | 10.5 (1.5) | — | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 32.0 (6.4) | 31.7 (6.2) | 31.8 (6.4) | 32.1 (6.5) | 32.8 (6.6) | 32.8 (6.9) | 32.3 (6.5) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||||
| ≤120 | 7,613 (21.9) | 3,257 (22.8) | 1,339 (22.8) | 1,028 (21.7) | 293 (20.7) | 301 (23.3) | 1,395 (19.6) | |
| 121–129 | 5,119 (14.7) | 2,187 (15.3) | 899 (15.3) | 703 (14.9) | 204 (14.4) | 193 (15.0) | 933 (13.1) | |
| 130–139 | 8,847 (25.5) | 3,680 (25.8) | 1,536 (26.1) | 1,262 (26.7) | 370 (26.1) | 281 (21.8) | 1,718 (24.1) | |
| 140–159 | 9,492 (27.3) | 3,721 (26.1) | 1,554 (26.4) | 1,275 (27.0) | 387 (27.3) | 391 (30.3) | 2,164 (30.3) | |
| ≥160 | 3,666 (10.6) | 1,441 (10.1) | 549 (9.3) | 462 (9.8) | 164 (11.6) | 124 (9.6) | 926 (13.0) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||||
| ≤80 | 22,090 (63.6) | 9,468 (66.3) | 3,806 (64.8) | 3,015 (63.7) | 857 (60.4) | 759 (58.8) | 4,185 (58.7) | |
| 81–84 | 4,357 (12.5) | 1,739 (12.2) | 747 (12.7) | 607 (12.8) | 182 (12.8) | 167 (13.0) | 915 (12.8) | |
| 85–89 | 3,452 (9.9) | 1,329 (9.3) | 597 (10.2) | 464 (9.8) | 153 (10.8) | 132 (10.2) | 777 (10.9) | |
| 90–99 | 3,787 (10.9) | 1,364 (9.6) | 576 (9.8) | 506 (10.7) | 178 (12.6) | 187 (14.5) | 976 (13.7) | |
| ≥100 | 1,051 (3.0) | 386 (2.7) | 151 (2.6) | 138 (2.9) | 48 (3.4) | 45 (3.5) | 283 (4.0) | |
| TC (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 205.7 (45.0) | 199.0 (39.5) | 204.8 (42.6) | 208.2 (42.2) | 212.7 (58.9) | 222.6 (62.5) | 213.8 (49.2) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 45.3 (11.4) | 45.4 (11.6) | 46.3 (11.5) | 45.2 (11.2) | 44.7 (11.1) | 44.0 (11.3) | 44.5 (11.3) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Never | 21,440 (61.7) | 8,844 (61.9) | 3,769 (64.1) | 2,938 (62.1) | 842 (59.4) | 753 (58.4) | 4,294 (60.2) | |
| Current | 2,071 (6.0) | 792 (5.5) | 345 (5.9) | 340 (7.2) | 100 (7.1) | 120 (9.3) | 374 (5.2) | |
| Unknown | 10,973 (31.6) | 4,535 (31.7) | 1,723 (29.3) | 1,415 (29.9) | 464 (32.7) | 409 (31.7) | 2,427 (34.0) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.5 (0.9) | <0.0001 |
| Oral diabetes medication, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Biguanide only | 5,383 (10) | 2,024 (11) | 947 (13) | 935 (15) | 257 (13) | 215 (11) | 1,005 (5) | |
| Sulfonylurea only | 17,218 (31) | 6,163 (32) | 1,898 (26) | 1,960 (32) | 779 (40) | 812 (42) | 5,606 (31) | |
| Biguanide and sulfonylurea only | 2,363 (4) | 628 (3) | 331 (4) | 471 (8) | 252 (13) | 303 (16) | 378 (2) | |
| None | 29,850 (54) | 10,340 (54) | 4,189 (57) | 2,717 (45) | 667 (34) | 584 (31) | 11,353 (62) | |
| Insulin, n (%) | 1,344 (2) | 512 (3) | 109 (1) | 167 (3) | 68 (3) | 107 (6) | 381 (2) | <0.0001 |
| Statin, n (%) | 12,578 (23) | 5,257 (27) | 2,471 (34) | 1,727 (28) | 464 (24) | 314 (16) | 2,345 (13) | <0.0001 |
| Microvascular events, n (%) | 3,185 (9.2) | 1,070 (7.5) | 475 (8.1) | 459 (9.7) | 182 (12.8) | 263 (20.4) | 736 (10.3) | <0.0001 |
| Macrovascular events, n (%) | 10,864 (31.3) | 4,499 (31.5) | 1,822 (31.0) | 1,473 (31.1) | 450 (31.7) | 452 (35.0) | 2,168 (30.4) | <0.0001 |
| Death, n (%) | 1,807 (5.2) | 744 (5.2) | 268 (4.6) | 224 (4.7) | 68 (4.8) | 66 (5.1) | 437 (6.1) | <0.0001 |
Percentages may not total 100% as a result of rounding. To convert TC and HDL-C to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.259. HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol.