Table 2.
Baseline characteristics
| Overall | Control | Intervention | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N=31 | N=16 | N=15 | |
| Mean ± SD / n (%) | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Maternal age, years | 27.7±5.5 | 25.6±4.8 | 30.0±5.3 |
| Educational level | |||
| High school education/diploma or less | 15 (48.4) | 8 (50.0) | 7 (46.7) |
| College education | 16 (51.6) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (53.3) |
| Total annual family income | |||
| ≤$9,999 | 14 (45.2) | 8 (50.0) | 6 (40.0) |
| $10,000–$19,999 | 11 (35.4) | 5 (31.2) | 6 (40.0) |
| ≥$20,000 | 6 (19.4) | 3 (18.8) | 3 (20.0) |
| Any supplementary food program | 24 (77.4) | 13 (81.3) | 11 (73.3) |
| WICa | 22 (71.0) | 11 (68.8) | 11 (73.3) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married or living with a partner | 24 (77.4) | 14 (87.5) | 10 (66.7) |
| Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 7 (22.6) | 2 (12.5) | 5 (33.3) |
| Race | |||
| Black/African American | 8 (25.8) | 1 (6.3) | 7 (46.7) |
| White | 7 (22.6) | 6 (37.5) | 1 (6.6) |
| Other | 16 (51.6) | 9 (56.2) | 7 (46.7) |
| Hispanic/Latina ethnicity | 31 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) |
| Current smoking | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Any alcohol intake during pregnancy | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) |
| Psychosocial characteristics | |||
| Level of depressive symptoms (BDI-II)b | |||
| Minimal (0–13 points) | 24 (77.4) | 12 (75.0) | 12 (80.0) |
| Mild–moderate (≥14–28 points) | 7 (22.6) | 4 (25.0) | 3 (20.0) |
| Clinical characteristics/history | |||
| Enrollment weight (kg) | 91.4±20.8 | 92.6±19.7 | 90.1±22.5 |
| Enrollment BMI (kg/m2) | 35.3±7.4 | 36.0±7.0 | 34.6±8.0 |
| Enrollment BMI status | |||
| Overweight | 9 (29.0) | 2 (12.5) | 7 (46.7) |
| Obese | 22 (71.0) | 14 (87.5) | 8 (53.3) |
| Gestational age at enrollment (weeks, days): Median (Minimum/Maximum)c | 14,4 (10,4/16,0) | 14,5 (10,6/15,6) | 14,4 (10,4/16,0) |
| Parity | |||
| Primiparous | 9 (29.0) | 5 (31.2) | 4 (26.7) |
| Multiparous | 22 (71.0) | 11 (68.8) | 11 (73.3) |
| Blood pressure at screening (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 114.0±12.0 | 115.5±13.2 | 112.4±10.9 |
| Diastolic | 68.8±10.6 | 67.4±9.3 | 70.2±12.0 |
| Fasting blood glucose mg/dL | 92.5±6.4 | 90.5±4.5 | 94.7±7.5 |
| Prior hypertension diagnoses with antihypertensive medication use | 6 (19.4) | 3 (18.8) | 3 (20.0) |
| Prior gestational diabetes mellitusc | 2/37 (5.4) | 1/13 (7.7) | 1/24 (4.2) |
| Caloric intake/physical activity | |||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d), n=28 | 2,473±876 | 2,523±945 | 2,415±824 |
| Physical activity (VMU/min),d,e n=28 | 7,389±3,283 | 7,773±3,373 | 6,946±3,252 |
Notes: Participants with a plausible total energy intake (>1,075 kcal and <4,800 kcal) were included.
a
WIC: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children;
b
BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory II.
c
Denominator includes all previous pregnancies in the studied sample,
d
from wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+.
e
Vector magnitude averaged over total awake time.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WIC, Women, Infants, and Children.