Table 4.
Description of daily energy and macronutrients intake across allocation groups and time points (N=17a)
| Energy/macronutrient | Time point | Control (n=11) | Intervention (n=6) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Mean ± SD/median (min, max) | Mean ± SD/median (min, max) | ||
|
| |||
| Total calorie intake (kcal/d) | Baseline | 2,445±956 | 2,644±1,100 |
| 36 weeks | 2,026±1,055 | 1,971±882 | |
| Change | −419±1,067 | −673±1,609 | |
| (median: −73, min: −2,729, max: 1,251) | (median: −115, min: −3,579, max: 694) | ||
| Protein (g/1,000 kcal) | Baseline | 37.2±4.3 | 33.6±5.1 |
| 36 weeks | 40.8±7.5 | 40.5±12.6 | |
| Change | 3.7±8.8 | 6.9±11.8 | |
| (median: 0.9, min: −5.3, max: 21.1) | (median: 4.8, min: −5.3, max: 27.1) | ||
| Fat (g/1,000 kcal) | Baseline | 38.3±5.1 | 36.6±2.4 |
| 36 weeks | 35.4±9.7 | 30.9±7.9 | |
| Change | −2.9±8.6 | −5.7±8.0 | |
| (median: −0.7, min: −12.5, max: 10.1) | (median: −6.8, min: −18.00, max: 3.5) | ||
| SFA (g/1,000 kcal) | Baseline | 13.3±2.5 | 12.2±1.5 |
| 36 weeks | 14.1±5.0 | 10.2±1.9 | |
| Change | 0.8±3.6 | −2.00±2.00 | |
| (median: 0.6, min: −4.4, max: 8.0) | (median: −2.2, min: −4.0, max: 0.8) | ||
| MFA (g/1,000 kcal) | Baseline | 14.0±1.9 | 13.3±1.2 |
| 36 weeks | 12.2±3.3 | 11.3±3.1 | |
| Change | −1.8±3.0 | −2.0±2.8 | |
| (median: −1.4, min: −5.7, max: 2.2) | (median: −2.2, min: −6.6, max: 1.1) | ||
| PUFA (g/1,000kcal) | Baseline | 8.0±1.2 | 8.1±2.3 |
| 36 weeks | 6.1±1.4 | 7.1±2.8 | |
| Change | −1.9±2.2 | −1.0±3.3 | |
| (median: −2.3, min: −5.4, max: 1.9) | (median: −1.1, min: −6.1, max: 2.9) | ||
| Carbohydrates (g/1,000 kcal) | Baseline | 126.6±13.7 | 136.1±4.8 |
| 36 weeks | 132.4±22.9 | 144.0±28.0 | |
| Change | 5.8±21.9 | 8.0±31.5 | |
| (median: 5.6, min: −26.8, max: 39.7) | (median: 5.6, min: −39.5, max: 52.4) | ||
| Fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | Baseline | 7.7±2.0 | 8.8±1.9 |
| 36 weeks | 7.9±2.3 | 11.8±4.1 | |
| Change | 0.1±2.4 | 3.0±2.6 | |
| (median: −0.3, min: −3.6, max: 3.8) | (median: 2.56, min: 0.046, max: 7.89) | ||
| Physical activity (n=15b) | n=7 | n=8 | |
| Total physical activityc (VMU/min) | Baseline | 7,649.79±4,222.41 | 8,187.64±3,438.90 |
| 26–30 weeks | 4,471.10±3,530.27 | 5,428.70±4,076.79 | |
| Change | 3,178.69±4,792.87 | 2,758.94±4,573.06 | |
| (median: 4,968.45, min: −2,280.57, max: | (median: 3,949.87, min: −5,386.85, max: | ||
| 10,058.07) | 10,135.58) | ||
Notes: 26–30 weeks by ≥3 valid days.
a
Only participants who completed FFQs at baseline and 36 weeks and with a plausible energy intake (>1,075 kcal <4,800) were included in this analysis (33% of the participants delivered prematurely, hence 17 follow-up FFQs were available for comparison).
b
Participants who wore the accelerometer at baseline and 26–30 weeks by ≥3 valid days.
c
Mean VMU per minute from wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X+.
Abbreviations: SFA, saturated fatty acids; MFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids.