Table 2.
Comparison of biomarkers level of healthy dogs with and without astaxanthin supplementation
| Parameter | without ASX (n=5) | with ASX (n=5) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| 0 week | 6 weeks | 0 week | 6 weeks | |
|
| ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 11.3 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.2 | 11.1 ± 0.3 |
| Body condition score | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 87.4 ± 1.8 | 79.8 ± 2.1 | 90.6 ± 2.5 | 87.4 ± 2.3 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 30.6 ± 1.3 | 38.0 ± 6.6 | 37.2 ± 1.3 | 23.6 ± 4.1 * |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 144.8 ± 20.0 | 131.6 ± 8.9 | 113.8 ± 6.5 | 133.6 ± 9.1 |
| NEFA (mEq/L) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.1 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 13.4 ± 0.7 | 12.0 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 10.2 ± 0.6 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| Malondialdehyde (μ/mol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.0**,*** |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 18.4 ± 4.0 | 27.5 ± 3.3 | 27.0 ± 6.3 | 30.5 ± 4.3 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
| AST (IU/L) | 32.2 ± 1.8 | 35.2 ± 2.4 | 37.2 ± 1.3 | 33.6 ± 1.5 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 28.5 ± 4.1 | 30.2 ± 5.2 | 31.6 ± 1.2 | 36.4 ± 2.9 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 184.0 ± 46.3 | 166.6 ± 36.0 | 152.4 ± 8.7 | 152.6 ± 8.7 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 83.4 ± 5.7 | 113.6 ± 12.6 | 89.4 ± 6.3 | 57.4 ± 2.4**,*** |
Notes: Data are presented as the mean ± SE. Statistical significance is indicated by asterisks.
*
Significantly different (p<0.05) from the value at 0 week in the test group with ASX (paired t-test).
**
Significantly different (p<0.01) from the value at 0 week in the test group with ASX (paired t-test).
***
Significantly different (p<0.01) from the value at 6 weeks of the control group without ASX (paired t-test).
Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ASX, astaxanthin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; SE, standard error.SE, standard error.