Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study population by anemia status
| Variable | Anemic | Non-anemic | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black N=121 | White N=18 | Mixed N=9 | Indian/Asian N=4 | P-value | Black N=137 | White N=34 | Mixed N=11 | Indian/Asian N=18 | P-value | |
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 52.40±14.0 | 68.39±15.4 | 64.11±13.7 | 63.25±15.2 | <0.001 | 52.90±14.6 | 60.41±13.3 | 55.45±12.6 | 62.11±17.6 | 0.0099 |
| <50 | 45 (37.19) | 3 (16.67) | 1 (11.11) | 1 (25.00) | 0.157 | 63 (45.99) | 6 (17.65) | 2 (18.18) | 3 (16.67) | 0.001 |
| ≥50 | 76 (62.81) | 15 (83.33) | 8 (88.89) | 3 (75.00) | 74 (54.01) | 28 (82.35) | 9 (81.82) | 15 (83.33) | ||
| <25 | 3 (2.48) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.009 | 3 (2.19) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (9.09) | 1 (5.56) | 0.062 |
| 25–34 | 12 (9.92) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (7.30) | 2 (5.88) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.56) | ||
| 35–44 | 17 (14.05) | 1 (5.56) | 1 (11.11) | 1 (25.00) | 26 (18.98) | 1 (2.94) | 1 (9.09) | 1 (5.56) | ||
| 45–54 | 28 (23.14) | 2 (11.11) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 37 (27.01) | 7 (20.59) | 1 (9.09) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| 55–64 | 42 (34.71) | 4 (22.22) | 4 (44.44) | 0 (0.00) | 27 (19.71) | 11 (20.59) | 5 (9.09) | 3 (16.67) | ||
| ≥65 | 19 (15.70) | 11 (61.11) | 4 (44.44) | 3 (75.00) | 34 (24.82) | 13 (38.24) | 3 (27.27) | 10 (55.56) | ||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 58 (47.93) | 10 (55.56) | 3 (33.33) | 3 (75.00) | 0.508 | 76 (55.47) | 20 (58.82) | 3 (27.27) | 10 (55.56) | 0.307 |
| Female | 63 (52.07) | 8 (44.44) | 6 (66.67) | 1 (25.00) | 61 (44.53) | 14 (41.18) | 8 (72.73) | 8 (44.44) | ||
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| None | 54 (44.63) | 1 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | <0.001 | 69 (50.36) | 1 (2.94) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 42 (34.71) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (44.44) | 1 (25.00) | 39 (28.47) | 2 (5.88) | 4 (36.36) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| High school | 20 (16.53) | 5 (27.78) | 2 (22.22) | 3 (75.00) | 23 (16.79) | 11 (32.35) | 5 (45.45) | 11 (61.11) | ||
| Tertiary | 5 (4.13) | 12 (66.67) | 3 (33.33) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (4.38) | 20 (58.82) | 2 (18.18) | 5(27.78) | ||
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Civil servant | 27 (22.31) | 2 (11.11) | 2 (22.22) | 1 (25.00) | 0.012 | 29 (21.17) | 11 (32.35) | 1 (9.09) | 2 (11.11) | <0.001 |
| Unemployed | 60 (49.59) | 3 (16.67) | 2 (22.22) | 2 (50.00) | 68 (49.64) | 4 (11.76) | 3 (27.27) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Retired | 24 (19.83) | 12 (66.67) | 3 (33.33) | 1 (25.00) | 23 (16.79) | 16 (47.06) | 4 (36.36) | 11 (61.11) | ||
| Student | 4(3.31) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (4.38) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (9.09) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Trading/private employee | 6 (4.96) | 1 (5.56) | 2 (22.22) | 0 (0.00) | 11 (8.03) | 3 (8.82) | 2 (18.18) | 1 (5.56) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||||||||
| Smoker | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 50 (36.50) | 25 (73.53) | 6 (54.55) | 11 (61.11) | 0.001 | |
| Non-smoker | 121 (100.00) | 18 (100.00) | 9 (100.00) | 4 (100.00) | 87 (63.50) | 9 (26.47) | 5 (45.45) | 7 (38.89) | ||
| ACE-I/ARB | ||||||||||
| Yes | 64 (52.89) | 14 (77.78) | 6 (66.67) | 4 (100.00) | 0.061 | 2 (1.46) | 1 (2.94) | 2 (18.18) | 1 (5.56) | 0.027 |
| No | 57 (47.11) | 4 (22.22) | 3 (33.33) | 0 (0.00) | 135 (98.54) | 33 (97.06) | 9 (81.82) | 17 (94.44) | ||
| CKD stages | ||||||||||
| Stage I | 9 (7.44) | 1 (5.56) | 1 (11.11) | 1 (25.00) | 0.309 | 14 (10.22) | 1 (2.94) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (22.22) | 0.223 |
| Stage II | 8 (6.61) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 26 (18.98) | 3 (8.82) | 3 (27.27) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Stage IIIa | 7 (5.79) | 1 (5.56) | 1 (11.11) | 1 (25.00) | 25 (18.25) | 8 (23.53) | 2 (18.18) | 1 (5.56) | ||
| Stage IIIb | 13 (10.74) | 6 (33.33) | 2 (22.22) | 0 (0.00) | 39 (28.47) | 10 (29.41) | 2 (18.18) | 5 (27.78) | ||
| Stage IV | 31 (25.62) | 6 (33.33) | 1 (11.11) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (20.44) | 12 (35.29) | 4 (36.36) | 4 (22.22) | ||
| Stage V | 53 (43.80) | 4 (22.22) | 4 (44.44) | 2 (50.00) | 5 (3.65) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg [mean ± SD]) | 141.54±24.5 | 151.40±26.9 | 151.67±25.9 | 136.42±15.0 | 0.3998 | 145.42±21.1 | 141.86±15.9 | 146.91±30.5 | 135.89±20.1 | 0.3009 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg [mean ± SD]) | 80.57±16.3 | 80.50±12.0 | 82.78±17.4 | 76±4.5 | 0.919 | 82.91±14.7 | 74.57±9.8 | 79.64±14.3 | 76.61±11.57 | 0.0329 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 29.34±6.8 | 29.25±10.4 | 28.88±4.5 | 24.90±3.5 | 0.6574 | 30.39±5.9 | 31.93±8.6 | 28.81±7.5 | 24.60±4.2 | 0.0018 |
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L (mean ± SD) | 511.67±518.6 | 270.72±190.31 | 303.89±217.2 | 422±366.6 | 0.1629 | 179.59±101.0 | 152.79±57.0 | 160.09±85.9 | 219.16±137.4 | 0.1254 |
| Serum urea, µmol/L (mean ± SD) | 21.57±15.0 | 14.36±6.1 | 17.62±7.0 | 14.93±7.0 | 0.1551 | 11.45±11.2 | 9.95±4.2 | 10.31±6.3 | 11.76±4.5 | 0.8469 |
| TSAT (mean ± SD) | 19.36±32.0 | 17.06±8.3 | 22±9.9 | 17.25±10.1 | 0.9769 | 20.18±7.7 | 23.62±7.4 | 18.36±7.8 | 20.55±4.9 | 0.0756 |
| Ferritin, ng/dL (mean ± SD) | 210.69±23.6 | 148.8±13.7 | 269.44±21.4 | 147.25±80.9 | 0.5301 | 116.20±80.5 | 150.41±70.2 | 103.45±82.7 | 153.33±71.2 | 0.0392 |
| GFR, mL/min/1.732 (mean ± SD) | 30.58±38.5 | 26±14.3 | 21.38±14.4 | 24±26.3 | 0.8588 | 50.53±28.6 | 38.15±12.8 | 37.73±18.1 | 32.36±16.4 | 0.0064 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L (mean ± SD) | 34.05±55.6 | 43.06±55.4 | 18.33±9.2 | 10±0 | 0.5571 | 13.33±9.0 | 21.15±53.5 | 13.64±9.2 | 14.67±7.6 | 0.3827 |
Notes: Data shown as n (%) unless otherwise specified. Bold P-values were statistically significant.
Abbreviations: ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; TSAT, transferrin saturation.