Table 5.
Predictors of anemia among chronic kidney disease patients
| Variable | OR | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||||
| Stage I | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Stage II | 0.37 | 0.13–1.07 | 0.067 | 0.20 | 0.05–0.81 | 0.024 |
| Stage III | 0.53 | 0.23–1.22 | 0.138 | 0.17 | 0.05–0.54 | 0.003 |
| Stage IV | 1.25 | 0.54–2.90 | 0.598 | 0.66 | 0.21–2.08 | 0.479 |
| Stage V | 14.25 | 4.93–41.29 | <0.001 | 3.83 | 0.95–15.39 | 0.059 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <50 | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| ≥50 | 1.20 | 0.77–1.87 | 0.425 | 2.33 | 1.05–5.16 | 0.037 |
| Race | ||||||
| Blacks | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Indian/Asian | 0.60 | 0.32–1.12 | 0.106 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.28 | 0.001 |
| Mixed | 0.93 | 0.37–2.31 | 0.870 | 0.45 | 0.09–2.36 | 0.347 |
| White | 0.25 | 0.08–0.76 | 0.015 | 0.41 | 0.14–1.23 | 0.111 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 1.26 | 0.83–1.93 | 0.280 | 0.74 | 0.38–1.46 | 0.388 |
| History of DM | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.07 | 1.32–3.25 | 0.002 | 2.06 | 1.00–4.25 | 0.050 |
| History of hypertension | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.90 | 0.30–2.74 | 0.852 | – | – | – |
| Hypoalbuminemia (g/L) | ||||||
| No (>35) | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes (≤35) | 5.33 | 2.61–10.89 | <0.001 | 3.24 | 1.10–9.53 | 0.033 |
| Hypocalcemia | ||||||
| No (>2.5) | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes (≤2.5) | 6.52 | 3.55–11.98 | <0.001 | – | – | – |
| Hyperphosphatemia | ||||||
| No (<1.45 mmol/L) | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes (>1.45 mmol/L) | 1.40 | 0.63–3.14 | 0.227 | – | – | – |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.25 | 0.58–2.68 | 0.568 | – | – | – |
| TSAT (%) | ||||||
| >20 | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| <20 | 0.38 | 0.24–0.60 | <0.001 | 0.40 | 0.19–0.83 | 0.014 |
| CRP (mg/L) | ||||||
| Normal (CRP <10) | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Inflammation (CRP ≥10) | 3.93 | 2.51–6.16 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 0.57–2.34 | |
| ACE-I/ARB | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 44.46 | 18.55–106.53 | <0.0001 | 75.68 | 21.34–268.35 | <0.001 |
| Serum ferritin | ||||||
| >100 | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| ≤100 | 1.50 | 0.98–2.31 | 0.065 | – | – | – |
| Obesity (BMI, kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| Obese (25–34.9) | 0.68 | 0.25–0.98 | 0.195 | – | – | – |
| Morbid obesity (>35) | 0.78 | 0.28–1.06 | 0.391 | – | – | – |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | ||||||
| <2.5 | 1.00 | Reference | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | Reference |
| >2.5 | 5.58 | 3.50–8.88 | <0.0001 | – | – | – |
Notes: Multivariable model corrected for stage of the disease, age, gender, history of DM, hypoalbuminemia, ACE-I/ARB use. Hosmer–Lemeshow chi-square =204.89 and its P-value =0.9939.
Abbreviations: ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DM, diabetes mellitus; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; OR, odds ratio; TSAT, transferrin saturation.