Table 1.
Metabolites of phenolics compounds via gut microbiota in vivo or in vitro
| Polyphenols | Type of Study | Metabolites | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baicalin | In vitro study (humans feces) | Baicalein | (27) |
| Epicatechin | In vitro study (humans feces) | (-)-5-(3’,4’-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone,5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valeric acid,3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid,4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | (28) |
| Apigenin | Animal study (urine) | P-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, P-hydroxycinnamic acid,P-hydroxybenzoic acid | (29) |
| Quercetin | Animal study (urine) | 4-ethylphenol, Benzoic acid,4-ethylbenzoic acid | (30) |
| Catechin | Human intervention (urine) | (-)-5-(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone(M4),(-)-5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone | (31) |
| Naringenin | In vitro study (rat feces) | Phenylacetic acid, P-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Protocatechuic acid | (32) |
| Naringin | In vitro study (humans feces) | 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid,3-phenylpropionic acid | (33) |
| Rutin | In vitro study (humans feces) | 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid,3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | (33) |
| Rutin | Escherichia coli | 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | (34) |
| Daidzein | In vitro study (rat feces) | Dihydrodaidzein | (35) |
| Anthocyanin | In vitro study (humans feces) | Gallic, syringic and p-coumaric acids. | (36) |
| Chlorogenic acid | In vitro study (humans feces) | 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid | (33) |
| Caffeic acid | In vitro study (humans feces) | Hydroxyphenylpropionic and Benzoicacids | (37) |
| Ferulaic acid | Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium | Coumaric acid and Caffeic acid | (38) |
| Ellagic acid | In vitro study (humans feces) | Urolithin(A) | (39) |