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. 2018 Jul 26;11(6):135–140. doi: 10.1002/cld.711

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Factors that contribute to undertreatment of pain in patients with liver disease. Societal misconceptions, patient behaviors, as well as regulatory and litigious factors may consciously or unconsciously influence clinician perception of pain complaints. Moreover, impairment in drug metabolism and excretion in this medically complex population create uncertainty about how to safely and effectively use pain medications. Abbreviation: SES, socioeconomic status.