Table 1.
Comparison of baseline and clinical characteristics between those diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus at first trimester and 20-24 weeks of gestation and normal individuals
| Variables |
Total
(n=356) |
GDM g1
*
(n=25) |
GDM g2**
(n=30) |
Normal
(n=301) |
p-value
(g1 and normal) |
p-value
(g2 and normal) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 26.4 ± 4.3 | 27.1 ± 4.3 | 27.7 ± 4.2 | 26.3 ± 4.3 | 0.398 | 0.061 |
| BMI | 25.3 ± 3.7 | 27.8 ± 3.2 | 28.2 ± 2.8 | 25.1 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP1 | 101.2 ±9.9 | 102.4 ± 9.2 | 105.6 ± 9 | 101.1 ± 10 | 0.389 | 0.011 |
| Systolic BP2 | 103.6 ±1.2 | 113.6 ± 16.5 | 113.5 ± 16.5 | 102.8±12.2 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP3 | 102.1 ±1.3 | 114.7 ± 18.1 | 113.9 ± 17.3 | 101.1±12.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP1 | 64.7 ± 8.3 | 66.4 ± 7.8 | 68.8 ± 7.5 | 64.5 ± 8.3 | 0.261 | 0.004 |
| Diastolic BP2 | 67.8 ± 8.1 | 74.4 ± 10.9 | 74.3 ± 9 | 67.3 ± 7.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP3 | 67.4 ± 9.1 | 76.2 ± 10.5 | 76.9 ± 10 | 66.7 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TG | 95.1 ±33.2 | 101.8 ± 40 | 102.4 ± 32.7 | 94.6 ± 33.6 | 0.474 | 0.238 |
| Cholesterol | 139.8±326 | 150.6 ± 26.6 | 138.8 ± 34.2 | 139 ± 32.8 | 0.086 | 0.865 |
| HDL | 49.1±11.6 | 49.3 ± 10.7 | 47.2 ± 8.2 | 49.1 ± 11.6 | 0.713 | 0.688 |
| LDL | 76.32±2.19 | 80.6 ± 17.8 | 76.2 ± 20.2 | 76 ± 22.2 | 0.31 | 0.972 |
| Hb | 12.8±0.87 | 12.8 ± 0.6 | 13 ± 0.7 | 12.8 ± 0.8 | 0.713 | 0.167 |
| HbA1C1 | 5.083±0.44 | 5.81 ± 0.42 | 5.67 ± 0.41 | 5.02 ± 0.38 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C2 | 5.138±0.54 | 6.17 ± 0.65 | 6.17 ± 0.52 | 5.06 ± 0.44 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C1≥5.3% | 119 (33.4) | 23 (92) | 24 (80) | - | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C1≤5.3% | 237 (66.6) | 2 (8) | 6 (20) | - | ||
| Complications | ||||||
| Cesarean section | 69 | 10 (14.5) | 12 (17.4) | 59 (85.5) | 0.015 | 0.006 |
| Bleeding | 15 | 4 (26.7) | 6 (40) | 11 (73.3) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
| Fetal death | 5 | 2 (40) | 1 (20) | 3 (60) | 0.042 | 0.358 |
| fetal macrosomia | 28 | 11 (39.3) | 14 (50) | 17 (60.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high density cholesterol; LDL: low density cholesterol; HbA1C: hemoglobin A1C
*
GDM g1 are those who were diagnosed with GDM during first trimester GDM g2 are those who were diagnosed with GDM during 20-24 weeks of gestation. Furthermore, BP one, two and three show first trimester, 20-24 weeks and 24-28 weeks of gestation.