. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 22.

Published in final edited form as: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2008 May;63(3):S122–S134. doi: 10.1093/geronb/63.3.s122

Table 3.

Hazard Ratios for Competing-Risks Models Predicting Women's Transitions Out of the Labor Force, Ages 50 to 80 (Weighted Estimates)

	Retirement		Work Disability		Death
Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Race/ethnicity^a
Black	1.012	1.046	2.637^***	1.505^†	1.476^†	1.133
Hispanic	1.149^†	1.077	2.198^**	0.879	0.590	0.415^†
Age parameters
Age	1.134^***	1.080^***	1.260^*	1.266^*	1.057^**	1.021
Age²	0.998^**	0.999	0.982^**	0.981^***
Age 62	1.559^***	1.591^***	0.317^**	0.311^**
Age 65	1.519^***	1.501^***
Education^b
Less than high school		1.131^*		1.701^*		0.987
Some college		0.942		1.310		0.864
Longest occupation^c
Sales		1.197^*		1.514		0.916
Clerical		1.043		1.146		1.032
Service		0.998		1.138		0.843
Labor		1.181^*		1.233		0.818
Labor force attachment
Self-employed		1.048		1.072		0.922
Part time		1.443^***		1.332		1.038
Unemployed		2.471^***		5.272^***		1.985
Prior exit		1.482^***		1.746^*		0.522^†
Job tenure and stability		1.001		0.984^†		0.979^*
Job benefits
Employer pension
Enrolled		0.923		1.012		0.753
Eligible to receive		1.273^***		0.899		0.878
Health insurance^d
Government		1.006		1.601		1.825^*
Private		0.928		1.009		1.244
Employer		0.675^**		0.181^*		0.875
Employer retiree		1.417^†		7.113^*		2.117
Other		1.299^**		0.948
Job structures
Large firm		1.168^*		1.665^*		0.431^†
Early retirement incentive		1.942^***		3.704^**		—
Financial resources
Household income (ln)		0.946^†		0.927		0.702^*
Nonhousing wealth (ln)		1.111^**		0.989		1.038
IRA value (ln)		1.060^***		0.921		1.137^*
Health
Self-rated health		1.124^***		1.741^***		1.488^**
No. of chronic conditions		1.036		0.945		1.391^**
Functional limitations		1.088^***		1.441^***		1.193^*
Family characteristics
Marital status^e
Divorced		0.716^***		2.545^**		1.383
Widowed		0.786^***		1.712		1.394
Never married		0.741^*		2.461^*		1.498
Husband's work status^f
Disabled		0.901		2.041^†		1.121
In the labor force		0.864^*		2.175^*		1.181
Children ≤ age 25		0.870^*		0.989		1.159
Intercept	0.033^***	0.021^*	0.003^***	0.000^***	0.003^***	0.001^***
Number of events	2,724		149		124
–2 log likelihood	17,696.3	17,156.5	1,710.5	1,447.1	1,569.3	1,434.7

Notes: N = 16,045 person-intervals, except for models predicting disability transitions, which were restricted to events occurring before age 65 where N = 14,986 person-intervals. Models 2 also include controls for missing information on self-employment, longest occupation, and firm size. IRA = individual retirement account.

White is the reference category.

High school graduate or equivalent is the reference category.

Professional/managerial occupation is the reference category.

Uninsured is the reference category.

Married is the reference category.

Unmarried or husband retired is the reference category.

^†

p < .10

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001 (all two-tailed).