Table 4.
Comparison of Changes in Cervical Cytokine and Chemokine Levels CD4+ T-Cell Percentages, Using a Linear Mixed-Effect Model, Between Follicular and Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle, Adjusted for Age, Genital Inflammation, and Bacterial Vaginosis Status
| Outcome Variable | Bacterial Vaginosis | Genital Inflammationa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression Coefficientb (95% CI) | Crude P | Regression Coefficientb (95% CI) | Adjusted Pc | Regression Coefficientb (95% CI) | Adjusted Pd | |
| Cervical cytokines | ||||||
| IL-12p70 | −0.28 (−.58–.01) | .059 | −0.27 (−.56–.02) | .064 | −0.23 (−.53–.05) | .106 |
| IL-17A | −0.02 (−.28–.23) | .848 | 0.01 (−.24–.26) | .929 | 0.05 (−.16–.25) | .641 |
| IL-1α | 0.29 (.08–.51) | .008 | 0.30 (.09–.51) | .006 | 0.31 (.11–.52) | .003 |
| IL-1β | 0.39 (.02–.76) | .039 | 0.43 (.09–.77) | .014 | 0.50 (.18–.82) | .002 |
| IL-1RN | 0.17 (−.07–.41) | .164 | 0.13 (−.11–.38) | .293 | 0.20 (−.04–.43) | .107 |
| CCL20 | 0.02 (−.28–.31) | .915 | 0.02 (−.28–.31) | .916 | 0.13 (−.12–.38) | .302 |
| Cervical chemokines | ||||||
| CCL2 | −0.47 (−.77 to −.16) | .003 | −0.45 (−.76 to −.14) | .005 | −0.47 (−.76 to −.19) | .001 |
| CCL3 | 0.09 (−.18–.36) | .509 | 0.11 (−.17–.40) | .438 | 0.14 (−.10–.38) | .247 |
| CCL4 | −0.14 (−.39–.10) | .246 | −0.13 (−.38–.12) | .297 | −0.09 (−.31–.13) | .426 |
| CXCL8 | 0.22 (−.05–.49) | .107 | 0.22 (−.06–.50) | .118 | 0.28 (.03–.52) | .025 |
| CXCL9 | 0.09 (−.22–.39) | .586 | 0.12 (−.17–.41) | .409 | 0.12 (−.18–.42) | .430 |
| CXCL10 | 0.09 (−.21–.39) | .563 | 0.11 (−.17–.39) | .441 | 0.11 (−.18–.40) | .449 |
| Cervical cells, % of CD4+ T cells | ||||||
| CD69+ | −13.53 (−24.70 to −2.35) | .018 | −13.10 (−24.48 to −1.73) | .024 | −12.54 (−23.85 to −1.22) | .030 |
| HLA-DR+ | −4.75 (−7.47 to −2.03) | .001 | −4.77 (−10.82–1.29) | .123 | −4.79 (−10.35–.77) | .091 |
| CD69+CCR5+ | −5.13 (−11.19–.93) | .097 | −4.79 (−11.07–1.50) | .135 | −6.24 (−12.34 to −.15) | .045 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IL-1RN, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IL-1α, interleukin 1α; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-12p70, interleukin 12p70; IL-17A, interleukin 17A.
aGenital inflammation is defined as ≥5 cytokines/chemokines with levels in the upper quartile of the 12 cytokines/chemokines expressed in at least 30% of the participants (CCL2, IL-12p70, CCL4, IL-17A, CCL3, IL-1α, IL-1β, CXCL10, IL-1RN, CXCL9, CXCL8, and CCL20).
bEffect size, difference in the mean log concentration of cytokines/chemokines (in pg/mL), or cell proportion between follicular and luteal phases.
cAdjusted for age and bacterial vaginosis status.
dAdjusted for age and genital inflammation.