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. 2019 Jan 24;20(3):500. doi: 10.3390/ijms20030500

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The signaling transduction of mTOR pathway. Extracellular signals such as growth factors and cytokines binding to the receptors stimulate RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR caspases. mTOR exists in two functionally and structurally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Both mTORC1/2 contain different core components so they phosphorylate a distinct set of substrates and exhibit distinct function. PTEN is a negative regulator for PI3K/AKT. In addition, ERK/RSK, AMPK, and p53 regulate mTORC1 through TSC2 regulation. Rapalogs mainly inhibit mTORC1 and new-generation mTOR inhibitors such as MLN0128 inhibitor both mTORC1/2. Blue t-bar indicates inhibition, blue arrow indicates stimulation/activation, red t-bar indicates inhibition by drugs, and dashed square indicates mTOR1/2 complexes.