Table 2.

A brief overview of in-vivo studies carried out using tocotrienols.

Mechanisms	Model Systems	Dose	Ref.
-Reduces activation of AKT, NF-κB -Mitigates the levels of COX2, cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 -Elevates the expression of p21 and p27	Mammary syngeneic model	2–5 µM	[130]
-Modulates cell cycle regulatory proteins -Increases expression of pro-apoptotic proteins	TRAMP mouse model	0.3% and 1%	[131]
-Attenuates tumor growth	Mammary syngeneic model	0.5 mg/day	[132]
-Reduces expression of Ki-67, COX-2, MMP-9, NF-κB p65, VEGF -Down regulates expression of cyclin D1, c-myc, VEGF, and CXCR4	Orthotopic pancreatic cancer	400 mg/kg	[126]
-Reduces increased neovascularization	Angiogenic models	10 mg/day	[133]
-Increases apoptosis -Increases senescence-like growth arrest	Mammary HER-2/neu transgenic mouse model	50 or 100 mg	[134]
-Reduces Ki-67, cyclin D1, MMP-9, CXCR4, NF-κB/p65, and VEGF	Xenograft colorectal cancer model	-	[88]
-Inhibits DLD-1-induced vessel formation	Mouse matrigel plug assay	0–20 µg	[135]
-Suppresses activation of AKT/mTOR pathway -Inhibits vessel formation, tumor growth and angiogenesis	Orthotopic liver cancer	3.25 mg	[31]
-Affects the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and Wnt pathway -Inhibits tumor growth	Xenograft colon cancer model	5, 10 and 20 mg/kg	[125]