Table 3.
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection induced changes in astrocytes and whole brain.
| ZIKV | Confirmed Infection | CPE | Cell Death | Effect on Blood–Brain Barrier | Chemokines/Cytokines | Traffic of endosomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary human astrocytes | + | + | + | N/A | + | N/A | [26,99,104,105,107,108] |
| Primary mouse astrocytes | + | N/A | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | [26,32] |
| Astrocyte cell lines | + | + | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | [97,106] |
| Fetal human brain, microcephaly | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [20,101] |
| Fetal mouse brain, microcephaly | + | N/A | + | + | + | N/A | [48,98,99,100] |
| Fetal human brain cortical slices | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [97] |
CPE, extensive morphologic changes in the cytoplasm/cytopathogenic effect. Chemokines/cytokines, detected release of chemokines and cytokines from astrocytes. N/A, not applicable (not reported); +, the effect or upregulation was detected.