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Diagram of the proposed mechanism by which vanillic acid (Van) inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis. The anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis effect of vanillic acid (Van) occurs mainly through the downregulation of HIF-1α by the inhibition of the mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. This study indicates that HIF-1α can be a potential anti-cancer target for vanillic acid (Van).
