Table 3.
Overview of vitamin K effects on circulating levels of MGP forms.
| Population, Age, Study, Design | Study Groups | Intervention Time | End-Points | Result | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Population | |||||
| 500 mg/day K1 | 3 years | MGP (ng/mL) | ↑ 3.5% | ||
| 388 healthy men and postmenopausal women, 68 y, [140], randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | placebo | ↓ 4% | |||
| 500 mg/day K1 + 10 μg vitamin D | ↓ 80% | ||||
| 374 general population subjects, 60–80 y, [90], randomized, placebo-controlled | Placebo + 10 μg vitamin D | 3 years | UcMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 4% | |
| DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 31% | ||||
| DpcMGP (pmol/L) | - | ||||
| 180 μg/day MK-7 | UcMGP (nmol/L) | - | |||
| DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 46% | ||||
| DpcMGP (pmol/L) | - | ||||
| 360 μg/day MK-7 | UcMGP (nmol/L) | - | |||
| DpucMGP (pmol/L) | - | ||||
| 60 general population subjects, 40–65 y, [137], | DpcMGP (pmol/L) | - | |||
| randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | placebo | 12 weeks | UcMGP (nmol/L) | - | |
| 10 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 12.1% | ||||
| 20 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 10.9% | ||||
| 45 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 12.3% | ||||
| 90 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 33.6% | ||||
| 180 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 39.7% | ||||
| 360 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 56% | ||||
| 44 general population subjects, 18–45 y, [138], randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | placebo | 3 months | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↑ 16.8% | |
| 10 μg/day MK-7 | - | ||||
| 20 μg/day MK-7 | 6 weeks | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | - | ||
| 18 healthy subjects treated with VKA for 4 weeks, 29 y, [141], observational | 45 μg/day MK-7 | - | |||
| 45 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 38% | ||||
| 42 healthy children, 6–10 y, [139], randomized, placebo-controlled | placebo | 2 months | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | - | |
| 90 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 36% | ||||
| 69 healthy subjects, 20–40 y, [139], randomized, placebo-controlled | placebo | 7 weeks | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | - | |
| 244 healthy, postmenopausal women, 59.5 y, [92], randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | 180 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 32% | |||
| placebo | 3 years | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↑ 22% | ||
| CKD and HD patients | |||||
| DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 27% | ||||
| 17 HD patients, 59 y, [68], non- placebo controlled | 135 μg/day MK-7 | 6 weeks | DpcMGP (pmol/L) | - | |
| 45 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 17.9% | ||||
| 135 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 36.7% | ||||
| 53 HD patients, 64.6 y, [66], randomized, non- placebo controlled | 360 μg/day MK-7 | 6 weeks | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 61.1% | |
| 360 μg, thrice weekly MK-7 | ↓ 17% | ||||
| 720 μg, thrice weekly MK-7 | ↓ 33% | ||||
| 200 HD patients, 70.8 y, [62], randomized, prospective, single-blind | 1080 μg, thrice weekly MK-7 | 8 weeks | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 46% | |
| 7 HD patients, 75 y, [142], observational | Stop VKA | 5 days | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 40% | |
| 90 μg/day MK-7 | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 19% | |||
| +10 μg/day | MGP (pg/mL) | ↑ | |||
| vitamin D | |||||
| 10 μg/day vitamin D | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↑ | |||
| 42 CKD patients, stages 3–5, 58y, [143], Randomized, non-placebo controlled | 9 months | MGP (pg/mL) | ↓ | ||
| 90 μg/day MK-7 | ↓ 10.7% | ||||
| +10 μg/day | |||||
| vitamin D | |||||
| 42 CKD patients, stages 4–5, 58 y, [72], randomized, double-blind | 10 μg/day vitamin D | 270 days | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↑ | |
| 50 HD patients, 64.6 y, [94], pre–post intervention | 360 μg/day MK-7 | 4 weeks | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↓ 86% | |
| High CVD risk and HF patients | |||||
| DpMGP (nmol/L) | |||||
| PMGP (nmol/L) | |||||
| UcMGP (pmol/L) | |||||
| 1 Keutel syndrome patient, 21 y, [108], case-report, observational | 10 mg/day K1 | 3 months | CMGP (pmol/L) | - | |
| ↓ 45% | |||||
| 2 mg/day K1 | |||||
| 72 AVC patients, 69.1 y, [144], single-center, open-label | placebo | 12 months | DpucMGP (pmol/L) | ↑ | |
MGP: matrix Gla protein; ucMGP: uncarboxylated MGP; dpucMGP: dephosphorylated, uncarboxylated MGP; dpcMGP: dephosphorylated, carboxylated MGP; dpMGP: dephosphorylated MGP; pMGP: phosphorylated MGP; cMGP: carboxylated MGP; MK-7: menaquinone-7; VKA: vitamin K antagonist; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HD: hemodialysis; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HF: heart failure; AVC: aortic valve calcification. The percentages reflect change of circulating MGP forms from baseline. - = no statistically significant difference, ↑ = statistically significant positive association, ↓ = statistically significant negative association.