Figure 1.

Insulin action in adipocytes. AMP, adenosine monophosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; AKT, protein kinase B; F6-P, fructose 6-phosphate; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; G6-P, glucose 6-phosphate; Grb, growth factor receptor-bound protein; HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase; INSR-A, insulin receptor isoform A; INSR-B, insulin receptor isoform B; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; SOS, Son of sevenless protein; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PDE3B, phosphodiesterase 3B; PIP₂, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP₃, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; PI3K, phosphoinositol 3-kinase; PDK-1, phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; SREBP1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1.