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. 2019 Feb 9;36(5):815–833. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5736

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© Beth A. Costine-Bartell et al., 2018; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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FIG. 1. — Experimental Phase 1 of model development. (A) Schematic of experimental time line and procedures. (B) PTZ failed to induce seizures with methohexital anesthesia. (C) Bicuculline (intravenously) rapidly induced seizures. (D) After seizures, induced with bicuculline piglets had decreased left ventricular contractility and a lower fractional area change (^*means ± SEM differ, p < 0.05) indicating reduced ejection fraction and at least temporary myocardial dysfunction. PTZ, pentylenetetrazol; SEM, standard error of the mean.