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. 2019 Feb 9;36(5):815–833. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5736

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© Beth A. Costine-Bartell et al., 2018; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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FIG. 3. — Experimental Phase 3 of model development. (A) Schematic of experimental time line and procedures. (B) EEG of two- channel bipolar montage on the hemisphere ipsilateral (red) or contralateral (blue) to the focal injuries and subdural hematoma (SDH) before kainic acid (top panel), after kainic acid (middle panel), and 3 h post-kainic acid. (C) In piglets receiving model injuries, mean arterial pressure (MAP) changed over time, but was constant in sham piglets (interaction, p = 0.02). MAP was lower during apnea compared with pre-apnea (p = 0.006), and was elevated during seizures (p = 0.003) and hypoventilation (p = 0.041) compared with pre-injury. Model injuries reduced neurological (D) and motor scores (E) compared with sham piglets. (F) Schematic indicating the sampling from 5-mm blocks rostral to caudal to estimate volume of tissue damage throughout the cerebrum. (G) Tissue damage was greater in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the SDH and blunt impact versus contralateral. The percentage of the hemisphere that was damaged was positively correlated to total estimated seizure duration in both the ipsilateral (H) and contralateral (I) hemispheres. (J) SDH covered 50% of the ipsilateral hemisphere, and 20% of the contralateral hemisphere (most commonly located along the parasagittal surface). (K) The percentage of damaged cerebral hemisphere positively correlated with the percentage of the hemisphere covered by SDH. EEG, electroencephalogram.