Table 2.

Imaging modalities used and their descriptive findings in the diagnosis and monitoring of PVRL

Imaging modality	Utility	Imaging features
• Fluorescein Angiography (FA)	Diagnosis	• Punctate hyperfluorescent lesions • Circular hypofluorescent lesions • Vasculitis • Cystoid macular edema • Other features like granularity, blockage, late staining at the RPE level, and focal areas of capillary non-perfusion
• Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)	Diagnosis	• Early hypofluorescent lesions with late staining
• Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)	Disease activity and treatment monitoring	• Hypo FAF lesions • Hyper FAF lesions
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)	Disease activity and treatment monitoring	• Sub-RPE nodular elevated lesions • Other features like disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment/outer segment junction, multiple hyperreflective infiltrations within the inner retina, exudative retinal detachment with subretinal hyporeflective fluid, and cystoid macular edema
• B-scan ultrasound imaging	Treatment monitoring	• Sheets of vitreous debris • Retinal detachment • Elevated chorioretinal lesions • Optic nerve widening
• Neuroimaging	CNS metastasis	• Hypodense on T1-weighted and hyperdense on T2-weighted scans with discrete or diffuse borders

Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous system; PVRL, primary vitreoretinal lymphoma; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.