Table 1.

List of putative AMP resistance genes identified from our functional metagenomic screens. These resistance genes could be functionally annotated based on a literature-curated catalogue of resistance genes (Supplementary Table 1). NA stands for Not available.

Resistance gene	Resistance gene function	Classification of resistance function	Estimated source organism	AMP
IpxFa	Lipid A 4'- phosphatase	Target alteration	Parabacteroides merdae	Polymyxin B, Pexiganan
IpxFb	Lipid A 4'- phosphatase		Parabacteroides sp.	Polymyxin B, Pexiganan
IpxFc	Lipid A 4'- phosphatase		NA	Polymyxin B
arnTEF	4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose modification of Lipid-A		Escherichia coli MS 107-1	Polymyxin B
pmrAB (qseBC)	Response regulator	Regulation	Sutterella wadsworthensis 2_1_59BFAA	Polymyxin B
pmrD	Signal transduction protein		Escherichia coli MS 107-1	Polymyxin B
ompT	Protease 7 precursor	Agent inactivation	Escherichia coli MS 196-1	Bactenecin 5, LL37, Pexiganan

^acharacterized in this work (Fig. 4b, Fig. 4c and Fig.Supplementary Fig. 11); annotated as un-decaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase in Supplementary Table 6

^bannotated as bcrC in Supplementary Table 6

^cannotated as ybjG in Supplementary Table 10