Table 2.
Observed prevalence and logistic regressions showing unadjusted and covariate-adjusted differentials in pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25) among reproductive-age women in major racial/ethnic groups and by selected sociodemographic characteristics, United States, 2012–2014 (N=10, 431, 092).
| Covariate | Prevalence percent | Prevalence ratio | Model 11 | Model 22 | Covariate-adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | Prevalence | SE | |||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 46.37 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 45.15 | 0.02 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 60.88 | 1.31∗ | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.80 | 1.86 | 1.86 | 1.86 | 59.92 | 0.04 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 61.69 | 1.33∗ | 1.86 | 1.85 | 1.87 | 1.73 | 1.72 | 1.73 | 58.22 | 0.16 |
| Chinese | 13.63 | 0.29∗ | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 18.57 | 0.12 |
| Japanese | 15.20 | 0.33∗ | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 18.91 | 0.31 |
| Filipino | 34.27 | 0.74∗ | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 39.66 | 0.17 |
| Hawaiian | 61.29 | 1.32∗ | 1.83 | 1.70 | 1.97 | 1.76 | 1.63 | 1.90 | 58.72 | 1.08 |
| Asian Indian | 35.94 | 0.78∗ | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.08 | 46.82 | 0.13 |
| Korean | 19.26 | 0.42∗ | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 25.40 | 0.23 |
| Vietnamese | 14.84 | 0.32∗ | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 17.57 | 0.17 |
| Samoan | 86.28 | 1.86∗ | 7.27 | 6.82 | 7.75 | 7.95 | 7.45 | 8.48 | 86.02 | 0.48 |
| Other Asian/Pacific Islander | 40.38 | 0.87∗ | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 43.97 | 0.13 |
| Mexican | 57.95 | 1.25∗ | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.59 | 1.81 | 1.81 | 1.81 | 59.36 | 0.05 |
| Puerto Rican | 55.41 | 1.19∗ | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.44 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 55.82 | 0.12 |
| Cuban | 46.44 | 1.00∗ | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 49.37 | 0.22 |
| Central and South American | 50.93 | 1.10∗ | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.48 | 1.48 | 1.48 | 54.53 | 0.09 |
| Other Hispanic | 55.18 | 1.19∗ | 1.42 | 1.42 | 1.43 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 56.55 | 0.08 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||
| <20 | 38.47 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 32.78 | 0.06 | ||
| 20–24 | 49.54 | 1.29∗ | 1.57 | 1.56 | 1.58 | 1.67 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 44.11 | 0.03 |
| 25–29 | 51.26 | 1.33∗ | 1.68 | 1.67 | 1.69 | 2.26 | 2.25 | 2.27 | 51.23 | 0.03 |
| 30–34 | 49.74 | 1.29∗ | 1.58 | 1.57 | 1.59 | 2.52 | 2.50 | 2.54 | 53.79 | 0.03 |
| 35–39 | 52.09 | 1.35∗ | 1.74 | 1.73 | 1.75 | 2.88 | 2.86 | 2.90 | 56.86 | 0.05 |
| 40–44 | 54.78 | 1.42∗ | 1.94 | 1.92 | 1.96 | 3.20 | 3.17 | 3.23 | 59.28 | 0.09 |
| ≥45 | 52.05 | 1.35∗ | 1.74 | 1.69 | 1.78 | 3.07 | 2.98 | 3.16 | 58.32 | 0.33 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Parity | ||||||||||
| 0 | 43.75 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 47.33 | 0.03 | ||
| 1 | 50.10 | 1.15∗ | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.29 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 50.46 | 0.03 |
| 2 | 55.18 | 1.26∗ | 1.58 | 1.58 | 1.59 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 51.53 | 0.04 |
| 3 | 59.63 | 1.36∗ | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.91 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 53.12 | 0.06 |
| ≥4 | 63.14 | 1.44∗ | 2.20 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 54.06 | 0.07 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 47.63 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 49.61 | 0.02 | ||
| Unmarried | 52.92 | 1.11∗ | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 50.00 | 0.03 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Nativity/immigrant status | ||||||||||
| US-born | 51.00 | 1.12∗ | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 1.44 | 1.43 | 1.45 | 51.57 | 0.02 |
| Foreign-born | 45.39 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 43.06 | 0.04 | ||
|
| ||||||||||
| Maternal education (years) | ||||||||||
| <12 | 52.95 | 1.33∗ | 1.71 | 1.70 | 1.72 | 1.75 | 1.74 | 1.76 | 53.58 | 0.04 |
| 12 | 53.83 | 1.36∗ | 1.77 | 1.76 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 1.79 | 53.98 | 0.03 |
| 13–15 | 54.88 | 1.38∗ | 1.85 | 1.84 | 1.85 | 1.76 | 1.75 | 1.76 | 53.69 | 0.03 |
| ≥16 | 39.70 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 40.37 | 0.03 | ||
|
| ||||||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| Metropolitan county | 48.72 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 48.69 | 0.02 | ||
| Nonmetropolitan county | 53.54 | 1.10∗ | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 53.56 | 0.03 |
|
| ||||||||||
| Region of residence | ||||||||||
| New England | 45.21 | 0.97∗ | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 49.54 | 0.09 |
| Mid-Atlantic | 46.65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 49.01 | 0.05 |
| East Northcentral | 52.05 | 1.11∗ | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 52.50 | 0.04 |
| West Northcentral | 50.96 | 1.09∗ | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.26 | 51.43 | 0.06 |
| South Atlantic | 50.34 | 1.08∗ | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.15 | 1.17 | 49.57 | 0.04 |
| East Southcentral | 51.99 | 1.11∗ | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 50.70 | 0.07 |
| West Southcentral | 50.78 | 1.09∗ | 1.18 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 48.44 | 0.04 |
| Mountain | 46.74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 46.09 | 0.06 | ||
| Pacific | 48.86 | 1.05∗ | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 49.60 | 0.04 |
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. ∗Statistically significant at p < 0.05. 1Unadjusted for the effects of other covariates. 2Adjusted for race/ethnicity, maternal age, parity, marital status, nativity, maternal education, and place and region of residence. Source: data derived from the 2012–2014 US National Natality data files.