Fig. 3.

Concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4 cytokines in MS patients with different clinical subtypes and healthy controls. PPMS patients had a significant increase in IFN-γ and IL-12 cytokines compared to other subtypes, whereas IL-4 cytokine had a decreased level compared to RRMS patients. in RRMS subtype the levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ cytokines were lower than SPMS and PPMS subtypes, whereas the level of IL-4 cytokine was higher compared to PPMS subtype. Horizontal lanes indicate mean values. HC= healthy control; RRMS, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; PPMS, primary progressive multiple sclerosis. **p<0.001, ***p<0.0001, ****p<0.00001