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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Traffic. 2019 Feb;20(2):130–136. doi: 10.1111/tra.12634

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

“Layers” in the GPCR trafficking/signaling relationship. Layer 1 (left side): Membrane trafficking processes “bookend” receptor signaling by trimeric G proteins from the plasma membrane (step 2), using biosynthetic (step 1) and endocytic (step 3) transport to modulate the number of functional surface receptors. Layer 2 (right side): Additional signaling can be initiated by receptor coupling to cytoplasmic G proteins from intracellular membranes. We propose that these layers function together to determine the integrated cellular response