Table 1. Association of urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations with general obesity in United States children.
| Variable | Quartile of bisphenol | P for trend | OR per unita | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| BPA | ||||||
| Median, ng/mL | 0.46 | 1.00 | 1.71 | 3.98 | ||
| Cases of obesity/no. of participants | 35/196 | 51/194 | 40/173 | 39/182 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.39 (0.83–2.33) | 1.74 (0.74–4.07) | 1.64 (0.83–3.21) | 0.12 | 1.26 (0.94–1.68) |
| Model 2b | 1 (ref) | 1.47 (0.86–2.53) | 1.96 (0.88–4.35) | 1.74 (0.92–3.31) | 0.08 | 1.29 (0.97–1.72) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.42 (0.80–2.52) | 1.89 (0.83–4.33) | 1.65 (0.86–3.16) | 0.14 | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) |
| BPF | ||||||
| Median, ng/mL | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.46 | 1.55 | ||
| Cases of obesity/no. of participants | 53/289 | 32/106 | 36/160 | 44/190 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.62 (1.08–2.41) | 1.18 (0.65–2.17) | 1.20 (0.76–1.89) | 0.57 | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) |
| Model 2b | 1 (ref) | 1.60 (1.12–2.30) | 1.52 (0.87–2.66) | 1.54 (1.02–2.32) | 0.05 | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.58 (1.14–2.20) | 1.49 (0.83–2.67) | 1.48 (0.93–2.35) | 0.13 | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) |
| BPS | ||||||
| Median, ng/mL | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 1.30 | ||
| Cases of obesity/no. of participants | 29/156 | 42/209 | 45/197 | 49/183 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.15 (0.57–2.36) | 1.12 (0.58–2.15) | 1.39 (0.49–3.96) | 0.54 | 1.10 (0.81–1.51) |
| Model 2b | 1 (ref) | 1.27 (0.67–2.41) | 1.19 (0.63–2.25) | 1.36 (0.53–3.51) | 0.62 | 1.08 (0.79–1.49) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.20 (0.53–1.98) | 1.24 (0.48–3.21) | 1.24 (0.48–3.21) | 0.73 | 1.06 (0.77–1.45) |
Model 1: adjusted for age (in years), sex (boys, girls), and urinary creatinine (quartiles). Model 2: Model 1+race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and other race), family income (family income to poverty ratio: ≤1.30, 1.31 to 3.50, >3.50, or missing), TV watching (<2 hours/day, ≥2 hours/day), total energy intake (quartiles), and Healthy Eating Index-2010 score (quartiles). Model 3: Model 2+mutual adjustment for BPA, BPF, and BPS.
BPA, bisphenol A; BPF, bisphenol F; BPS, bisphenol S; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
aOR of obesity per unit increase in BPA, BPF, and BPS levels, bModel 2 is the main model.