Table 2. Association of urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations with abdominal obesity in United States children.
| Variable | Quartile of bisphenol | P for trend | OR per unita | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
| BPA | ||||||
| Median, ng/mL | 0.46 | 1.01 | 1.71 | 3.98 | ||
| Cases of obesity/no. of participants | 69/192 | 68/190 | 60/167 | 65/181 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.83 (0.41–1.66) | 1.17 (0.57–2.40) | 1.43 (0.80–2.57) | 0.16 | 1.21 (0.93–1.57) |
| Model 2b | 1 (ref) | 0.83 (0.41–1.67) | 1.24 (0.65–2.35) | 1.47 (0.88–2.46) | 0.08 | 1.23 (0.98–1.56) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 0.83 (0.40–1.74) | 1.21 (0.59–2.48) | 1.42 (0.77–2.62) | 0.19 | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) |
| BPF | ||||||
| Median, ng/mL | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.46 | 1.54 | ||
| Cases of obesity/no. of participants | 94/287 | 47/104 | 54/156 | 67/183 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 1.48 (1.00–2.18) | 0.87 (0.43–1.75) | 1.25 (0.79–1.99) | 0.46 | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) |
| Model 2b | 1 (ref) | 1.46 (1.02–2.10) | 1.01 (0.54–1.88) | 1.48 (0.92–2.38) | 0.15 | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 1.48 (1.05–2.07) | 1.03 (0.55–1.92) | 1.45 (0.85–2.50) | 0.26 | 1.13 (0.91–1.40) |
| BPS | ||||||
| Median, ng/mL | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.47 | 1.29 | ||
| Cases of obesity/no. of participants | 56/153 | 65/207 | 64/191 | 77/179 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (ref) | 0.85 (0.57–1.29) | 0.91 (0.49–1.71) | 1.17 (0.53–2.57) | 0.61 | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) |
| Model 2b | 1 (ref) | 0.89 (0.58–1.36) | 0.93 (0.52–1.65) | 1.13 (0.55–2.32) | 0.71 | 1.05 (0.82–1.34) |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref) | 0.90 (0.59–1.38) | 0.85 (0.46–1.57) | 1.06 (0.50–2.28) | 0.85 | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) |
Model 1: adjusted for age (in years), sex (boys, girls), and urinary creatinine (quartiles). Model 2: Model 1+race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and other race), family income (family income to poverty ratio: ≤1.30, 1.31 to 3.50, >3.50, or missing), TV watching (<2 hours/day, ≥2 hours/day), total energy intake (quartiles), and Healthy Eating Index-2010 score (quartiles). Model 3: Model 2+mutual adjustment for BPA, BPF, and BPS.
BPA, bisphenol A; BPF, bisphenol F; BPS, bisphenol S; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
aOR of obesity per unit increase in BPA, BPF, and BPS levels, bModel 2 is the main model.