Table 3.

Analysis of the components of cognitive stimulation.

References	Type of application of IP tasks	Type of parallel music task	Type of IP task	Instruments	Subcomponents of IP tasks
					Motor	Motor	Cognitive
Biasutti and Mangiacotti, 2018	P	S	Instrumental improvisation	Percussion instruments (NS)	Handling instruments	–	Creating rhythms
Bugos, 2010	E	NA	Group piano playing	Piano	Finger key-pressing	–	Reading musical notation and learning music theories
Bugos et al., 2007	E	NA	Individualized piano playing	Piano	Finger key-pressing	–	Reading musical notation and learning music theories
Chen and Pei, 2018	P	S	Musical dual-task training	Percussion instruments	Handling instrument	Walking	Maintaining a steady beat and playing only for a certain section of a song
Chu et al., 2014	P	S	Rhythm playing	Triangles, clappers, maracas, handbells, tambourines, and color sound bell	Handling instruments	–	Recognizing different types of music and playing in a specified way (rhythm; timing)
Doi et al., 2017	E	NA	Playing percussions	Percussion (e.g., conga)	Handling instruments	–	Memorizing rhythms and reading music scores
Hars et al., 2014a	P	S	Multitask training	Percussion (N.S)	Handling instruments	Walking	Changing movement in response to changes in music and performing the concurrent tasks while walking
Hars et al., 2014b	P	S	Multitask training	NR	Handling instruments	Walking	Changing movement in response to changes in music and performing the concurrent tasks while walking
Seinfeld et al., 2013	E	NA	Group piano playing	Piano	Finger key-pressing	–	Reading musical notation and learning music theories
Shimizu et al., 2017	E	NA	Multitask movement MT	Naruko (clappers)	Handling instruments	Specified body movement	Imitating movements

IP, instrument playing; E, exclusive; P, parallel (indicates that the study included another music task in parallel with instrument playing); NA, not applicable; MT, music therapy; NS, not specified; NR, not reported.