Table 4.

Example of the category of cognitive involvement.

Type	Example of instrument playing
Immediate engagement with the addition of cognitive tasks	Striking or shaking instruments while creating a new rhythm or while following the timing indicated by color-coded scores
Immediate engagement with the addition of motor tasks	Striking instruments while walking and changing speed of movement in response to changes in music
Sustained engagement	After learning music theory and score reading, playing the piano while reading a score based on memorized information