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(a) Periodic boundary conditions applied to an atomistic system encompassing a few dimensions of the longest heterogeneity la avoid the simulation of the atomistic model on the whole volume of a cell of the mesh of the continuum system; (b) asynchronous coupling of atomistic and continuum time scales shortens the evolution of the atomistic system to durations of the order of the atomistic relaxation time τa. (a) Spatial scale-bridging, (b) time scale-bridging.
