Table 4.
OR to develop impaired sleep quality between BL and FUP in relation to total screen time. Significant associations are displayed in bold.
| Sleep Quality Indicator | New Onset of Sleep Problem (Total N) |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted 2
OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure status BL/exposure status FUP 4 | |||
| Problems falling asleep (N1 = 455) | |||
| Exposed/non exposed 3 | 12 (64) | 1.20 (0.56–2.54) | 1.55 (0.72–3.33) |
| Non exposed/non exposed | 27 (167) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Exposed/exposed | 47 (148) | 2.41 (1.41–4.13) | 2.35 (1.27–4.34) |
| Non exposed/exposed | 22 (76) | 2.11 (1.11–4.02) | 2.64 (1.33–5.26) |
| Restless sleep (N = 637) | |||
| Exposed/non exposed3 | 9 (100) | 0.58 (0.27–1.26) | 0.67 (0.30–1.48) |
| Non exposed/non exposed | 33 (226) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Exposed/exposed | 38 (201) | 1.36 (0.82–2.27) | 1.27 (0.71–2.29) |
| Non exposed/exposed | 13 (110) | 0.78 (0.39–1.56) | 0.91 (0.45–1.82) |
| Involuntary nocturnal awakenings (N = 672) | |||
| Exposed/non exposed 3 | 8 (112) | 0.58 (0.26–1.32) | 0.63 (0.28–1.46) |
| Non exposed/non exposed | 27 (231) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Exposed/exposed | 28 (217) | 1.12 (0.64–1.97) | 0.95 (0.50–1.83) |
| Non exposed/exposed | 8 (112) | 0.58 (0.26–1.32) | 0.66 (0.28–1.52) |
| Too early morning awakenings (N = 637) | |||
| Exposed/non exposed 3 | 9 (109) | 0.46 (0.21–0.98) | 0.45 (0.21–0.97) |
| Non exposed/non exposed | 36 (218) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Exposed/exposed | 50 (210) | 1.58 (0.98–2.55) | 1.43 (0.83–2.46) |
| Non exposed/exposed | 13 (100) | 0.76 (0.38–1.50) | 0.80 (0.40–1.62) |
| General sleep quality 4 (N = 630) | |||
| Exposed/non exposed 3 | 5 (105) | 0.36 (0.14–0.98) | 0.43 (0.17–1.12) |
| Non exposed/non exposed | 26 (215) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Exposed/exposed | 30 (212) | 1.20 (0.68–2.10) | 1.06 (0.54–2.06) |
| Non exposed/exposed | 5 (98) | 0.39 (0.15–1.05) | 0.45 (0.17–1.18) |
1 Number of observations relate to the symptom-free participants at BL. 2 Model I adjusted for age, sex, class level at BL, nationality, school level, bmi at FUP, caffeine consumption at FUP, physical activity at FUP, smoking status at FUP, alcohol consumption at FUP, area of residence, education of parents, number of days between BL and FUP and body height difference between BL and FUP. 3 Exposure status relates to total daily time spent in front of screens (TV, PC, laptop, tablet or and actively online on the mobile phone). Exposed = individual total screen time above median (median at BL: 180.8 min/day; median at FUP: 173.6 min/day). 4 Combined sleep quality measure of the four preceding sleep quality indicators. Sleeping problems prevalent / not prevalent as defined by the guidelines of the Swiss Health Survey. CI: Confidence Interval. OR: Odds Ratio.