Table 3.
Comparisons of mid-pregnancy serum cotinine levels between 13 race/ethnic groups of non-smoking * prenatal screening program enrollees; mean geometric serum cotinine levels with 95% confidence intervals; percent detectable serum cotinine; and interquartile ranges; San Diego, Orange and Imperial counties (N = 3180).
| Race-Ethnicity † | N | % Detectable Cotinine | Geometric Mean Cotinine (ng/mL) ‡ | 95% Confidence Interval | IQR 25–75th Percentile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African American a | 262 | 90.5 | 0.034 | 0.026–0.044 | 0.009–0.151 |
| Samoan a,b | 158 | 88.0 | 0.025 | 0.018–0.034 | 0.010–0.077 |
| Cambodian b,c | 290 | 90.3 | 0.020 | 0.016–0.025 | 0.006–0.066 |
| Native American c | 214 | 84.6 | 0.017 | 0.013–0.022 | 0.004–0.058 |
| Vietnamese c | 298 | 90.3 | 0.017 | 0.014–0.020 | 0.006–0.046 |
| Korean c,d | 288 | 88.2 | 0.015 | 0.012–0.018 | 0.006–0.039 |
| Laotian d,e | 294 | 80.6 | 0.011 | 0.009–0.014 | 0.003–0.039 |
| Asian Indian e,f | 299 | 82.3 | 0.009 | 0.008–0.011 | 0.003–0.030 |
| Hispanic e,f,g | 94 | 79.8 | 0.009 | 0.006–0.012 | 0.003–0.028 |
| Filipino f,g | 297 | 75.1 | 0.007 | 0.006–0.009 | 0.001–0.030 |
| Japanese f,g,h | 293 | 75.4 | 0.007 | 0.005–0.008 | 0.001–0.020 |
| White g,h | 96 | 75.0 | 0.006 | 0.004–0.009 | 0.001–0.019 |
| Chinese h | 297 | 75.4 | 0.005 | 0.004–0.006 | 0.001–0.017 |
* Non-smoking status defined by race- and age-specific cutpoints per Benowitz et al. 2008 [39]. † Lettered superscripts indicate no statistically significant differences between race/ethnic groups in geometric mean serum cotinine levels (p < 0.05). For example, no distinction can be made between African Americans and Samoans as to which group had higher environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and African Americans had higher ETS exposure than any other race/ethnic group other than possibly Samoans. ‡ By descending geometric mean cotinine level.