Table 1.
Sex-specific comparisons for baseline characteristics between 25(OH)D groups.
| Characteristics | Women | p-Value | Men | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25(OH)D ≥ 50 N = 23 | 25(OH)D < 50 N = 23 | 25(OH)D ≥ 50 N = 19 | 25(OH)D < 50 N = 19 | |||
| Age (years) | 60.7 ± 6.6 | 63.3 ± 8.5 | 0.253 | 65.8 ± 8.6 | 59.8 ± 7.0 | 0.024 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.0 ± 7.7 | 33.5 ± 5.2 | 0.823 | 30.6 ± 5.5 | 32.3 ± 5.4 | 0.338 |
| Total body fat percentage (%) | 42.1 ± 6.2 | 43.2 ± 4.9 | 0.499 | 29.5 ± 6.2 | 30.3 ± 4.9 | 0.672 |
| Self-reported diabetes (%) # | 8.7 | 34.8 | 0.032 | 10.5 | 31.6 | 0.111 |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity (min/week) * | 45.0 (0.0, 180.0) | 2.0 (0.0, 40.0) | 0.152 | 120.0 (0.0, 360.0) | 120.0 (0.0, 300.0) | 0.906 |
| Time spent outdoor (hours/week) | 4.3 ± 3.4 | 4.6 ± 3.0 | 0.782 | 7.6 ± 5.6 | 6.7 ± 4.5 | 0.560 |
| Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 62 ± 11 | 36 ± 10 | <0.001 | 66 ± 11 | 35 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 22.9 ± 5.9 | 23.4 ± 5.9 | 0.810 | 37.6 ± 7.5 | 38.9 ± 7.3 | 0.607 |
| Quadricep strength (kg) | 15.7 ± 6.9 | 12.4 ± 6.5 | 0.106 | 22.1 ± 9.8 | 19.6 ± 11.0 | 0.467 |
| Gait speed (cm/s) | 80.6 ± 20.2 | 76.1 ± 17.6 | 0.435 | 74.1 ± 18.4 | 79.5 ± 11.2 | 0.285 |
| Stair climb power (W) | 254.0 ± 84.0 | 244.0 ± 59.9 | 0.646 | 283.2 ± 83.1 | 337.9 ± 66.1 | 0.031 |
| SPPB score | 10.0 ± 1.9 | 9.8 ± 1.7 | 0.618 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 1.4 | 0.860 |
| 66% site of tibia cortical density (mg/cm3) | 1042.90 ± 48.51 | 1040.48 ± 32.85 | 0.844 | 1050.65 ± 32.67 | 1064.25 ± 38.66 | 0.250 |
| Distal tibia trabecular density (mg/cm3) | 222.58 ± 49.75 | 234.15 ± 40.69 | 0.406 | 240.02 ± 37.99 | 250.13 ± 35.08 | 0.400 |
| 66% site of radius cortical density (mg/cm3) | 1074.85 ± 54.90 | 1059.49 ± 62.53 | 0.381 | 1070.17 ± 53.63 | 1085.44 ± 45.83 | 0.352 |
| Distal radius trabecular density (mg/cm3) | 171.28 ± 31.62 | 173.29 ± 37.23 | 0.845 | 204.03 ± 41.21 | 214.11 ± 35.67 | 0.425 |
All data are mean ± SD unless otherwise specified. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxycholcalciferol; BMI: body mass index; and SPPB: short physical performance battery. # Proportions compared using Chi-square tests; * median, inter-quartile range (IQR) compared using Mann–Whitney U tests. Bold p-values are significant.