Appendix Table 1.

Categories and Instruments Used for Key Covariates

Covariate	Category
Race/ethnicity	Non-Hispanic white
	Non-Hispanic black
	Hispanic
	Other
HIV transmission risk factor	Men who have sex with men
	Injection drug use or injection drug use and men who have sex with men
	Heterosexual
	Other
Adherence to ART	30-day visual analogue scale (continuous variable)
Illicit drug use	ASSIST instrument categorized 2 ways:
	Binary variable indicating any illicit drug use (not including marijuana)
	Categories of individual drug use: cocaine/crack, methamphetamine/crystal methamphetamine, opiate/heroin, or marijuana use in the past 3 months
Hazardous alcohol use	AUDIT-C instrument with a score ≥5 for men and ≥4 for women to define hazardous use
Depression symptom severity	PHQ-9, categorized as depressed or not based on a score ≥10

ART = antiretroviral therapy; ASSIST = Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; AUDIT-C = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption; PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.