Fig. 6.

Patch-clamp studies. a Raw tracing from an MSC showing absence of inward currents at −40 mV and presence of outward currents at higher depolarizing potentials. The absence of voltage-gated sodium currents at the prepulse of −40 mV (shown by arrow) and the appearance of a family of depolarization-induced outward currents at depolarizing voltages. b Neuronal-induced MSCs show outward rectifying K⁺ current, absence of inward current at −40 mV (shown by arrow), and further depolarization. There is no voltage-gated sodium current seen.