Table 1.
Representative published articles on the utilization of bioreactors for SE-based plant production in angiosperms.
| Species | Type of bioreactor | Comments on key content | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allium cepa (onion) | 3 L balloon type air lift, with continuous or temporary immersion | Nearly twice as fast proliferation with continuous as compared with temporary immersion | Wu et al., 2015 |
| Bactris gasipaes (peach palm) | RITA and twin flask system | Higher quality PEMs giving four times as many plants obtained from RITA than from twin flasks | Heringer et al., 2014 |
| Temporary immersion system (twin flasks) | Induction of secondary SE was higher (84.6%) in bioreactor than on solid medium (70.2%) | Steinmacher et al., 2011 | |
| Camellia sinensis (tea) | Custom temporary immersion bioreactor | Four-fold higher yield of gobular embryos with TIS than obtained on semi-solid media | Akula et al., 2000 |
| Carica papaya (papaya) | RITA | Up to 95% of SEs showed complete germination in RITA depending on inoculum density | Posada-Pérez et al., 2017 |
| Castanea dentata (American Chestnut), (C. dentata x Castanea mollissima) (American-Chinese chestnut back crosses) | Airlift bioreactors (ALBs) | Higher yields of small cell clumps suitable for transformation in ALBs than in suspension flasks | Kong et al., 2014 |
| Citrus deliciosa | Custom-made temporary immersion bioreactor | TIB stimulated formation of cotyledonary stage embryos, but germination still poor in all culture conditons | Cabasson et al., 1997 |
| Coffea arabica L. (arabica coffee) | RITA and MATIS | Comparison of zygotic and somatic embryo germination and plant formation provides information to improve SE germination in larger bioreactors. | Etienne et al., 2013 |
| . | RITA | Effects on yields and vitrification from immersion cycles. Six immersions/day produced more embryos (3,081) than two immersions/day (2,094) | Albarrán et al., 2005 |
| RITA | Demonstration of benefits from germination in RITAs for direct sowing in soil. 200 mg of embryogenic callus produced 8,000 embryos in one bioreactor. The germination frequency was 66% | Etienne-Barry et al., 1999 | |
| RITA | 800 somatic embryo per bioreactors were produced. Germination rate was 86%. A positive relation of cotyledon size of embryos germinated in RITA for plant establishment | Barry-Etienne et al., 2002 | |
| RITA | Highest number of somatic embryos (25) obtained in bioreactor. The germination rate was 100%. SE-multiplication in suspension cultures and plant regeneration in RITA for the purpose of genetic transformation | Gatica-Arias et al., 2008 | |
| Coffea canephora (robusta coffee) | Temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs) | Pilot scale process for batch-production of torpedo stage embryos in suspension flasks, germination in TIBs and transfer to ex vitro after storage | Ducos et al., 2007 |
| 10 L “Box- in- bag” bioreactors, TIBs | Batch-production of torpedo stage embryos in “Box-in-bag bioreactor,” germination in TIBs and transfer to ex vitro after storage | Ducos et al., 2009 | |
| Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) | Custom-made temporary immersion system modified from Nalgene filter units | Growth rate of embryogenic callus was 0.38 g/week | Sumaryono et al., 2008 |
| RITA | Fresh weight of callus increased 7-fold in RITA bioreactors | Marbun et al., 2015 | |
| RITA and twin flask system TIS | 100% increase in fresh biomass in twin flask compared with RITA | Gomes et al., 2016 | |
| Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim (Siberian ginseng) | Bubble column bioreactor | Higher numbers of somatic embryos and better growth developed in bioreactors than in suspension cultures | Yang et al., 2012 |
| Eurycoma longifolia | RITA | Optimization of immersion intervals and demonstration of plant regeneration after RITA embryo production | Mohd et al., 2017 |
| Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) | Custom-made temporary immersion bioreactor | Improved yields in all steps of the SE process from embryogeneic callus to germination | Etienne et al., 1997 |
| Kalopanax septemlobus | Temporary immersion 2 L bioreactors with net, (TIN) or continuous immersion with net (CIN) | 85% of embryos produced plantlets with TIN, vs. 29% with CIN | Kim et al., 2011 |
| Leucojum aestivum | RITA | 46% increased efffects from culture system on secondary metabolite production in somatic embryo cultures | Ptak et al., 2013 |
| Musa acuminata (banana) | 5 L balloon type bubble column bioreactor or shake flasks | Highest frequency (87%) normal plants obtained among regenerants after callus proliferation in a pH-controlled bioreactor | Chin et al., 2014 |
| Musa ssp. (banana and plantain) | Temporary immersion system modified from Nalgene filter units, or semi-solid medium | Number of embryos muliplied 9-fold after 2 months in bioreactor, 3-fold on semi-solid medium. Subsequent germination on semisolid medium was 60–70% in both cases | Escalant et al., 1994 |
| Panax notoginseng | 3 L air lift bioreactor | Early globular embryos (10 g) developed into cotyledonary embryos (79.7 g) in 4 weeks in bioreactor. These converted to plantlets if treated with GA. | You et al., 2012 |
| Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) | TIS | A mixed system including culture on semi-solid medium, reduced costs (vs. traditional methods) and the time for plantlet production reduced to < 3 years | Almusawi et al., 2017 |
| Custom temporary immersion system bioreactor | Formation of 172 somatic embryos per bioreactor from 500 mg embryogenic callus | Al mayahi, 2015 | |
| RITA | Suspension cultures gave more embryos than RITA | Ibraheem et al., 2013 | |
| Quercus robur (common oak) | RITA | Improved proliferation and production of cotyledonary stage embryos in temporary immersion bioreactors compared to semi-solid medium; 20% increase | Mallón et al., 2012 |
| Quercus suber (cork oak) | RITA | 7.5 fold increase in fresh weight in RITA compared with on semisolid medium. Immersion frequency had strong influence; best I min every 4 or 6 h | Perez et al., 2013 |
| Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) | RITA | Increased yield of in vitro produced plants in RITA compared to semi-solid culture | Snyman et al., 2011 |
| Theobroma cacao (cocoa) | Twin flask TIS bioreactors | Significantly higher numbers of embryos in TIS than on solid medium. Improved conversion rate to torpedo-shape | Niemenak et al., 2008 |
| Vitis amurensis | 3 L balloon-type air lift bioreactor | SE biomass growth was higher in bioreactor (328.45 g/L) than on solid medium (69.60 g/L) | Sun et al., 2016 |
| Vitis vinifera L. | Air-lift bioreactor | Pro-embryogenic masses doubled in fresh weight in bioreactors compared to suspension flasks without any losses in viability and regenerative capacity | Tapia et al., 2009 |