Table 1:
Demographic, maternal, and body size characteristics among 481 Russian Boys enrolled between 2003 and 2005 and followed until 2017
| Characteristic | Overall N=481) | High Blood Lead (≥ 5μg/dL) (N=134) | Low Blood Lead (<5 μg/dL) (N=347) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Measurements at Study Entry | |||
| Age (years) | 8.4 (0.5) | 8.5 (0.5) | 8.4 (0.5) |
| Height (cm) | 130.2 (6.3) | 128.5 (6.9) | 130.8 (5.9) |
| Weight (kg) | 27.2 (5.5) | 25.9 (5.2) | 27.6 (5.6) |
| Body mass index | 15.9 (2.3) | 15.6 (2.1) | 16.1 (2.3) |
| Total caloric intake (tertiles) | |||
| High | 155 (32%) | 61 (46%) | 94 (27%) |
| Moderate | 163 (34%) | 38 (28%) | 125 (36%) |
| Low | 160 (33%) | 34 (25%) | 126 (36%) |
| Percent calories from fat | 34.0 (5.9) | 33.4 (6.1) | 34.3 (5.8) |
| Percent calories from protein | 11.6 (1.6) | 11.5 (1.6) | 11.6 (1.6) |
| Growth Measurements at Age 11 years (n=426) | |||
| N | 426 | 122 | 304 |
| Height (cm) | 143.7 (6.8) | 141.5 (6.9) | 144.5 (6.6) |
| Height Z-score | 0.06 (1.01) | −0.27 (1.01) | 0.20 (0.98) |
| Body mass index | 17.3 (3.1) | 16.7 (2.8) | 17.6 (3.2) |
| BMI Z-score | −0.14 (1.36) | −0.40 (1.27) | −0.03 (1.38) |
| Birth and Neonatal History | |||
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.34 (0.53) | 3.25 (0.55) | 3.38 (0.51) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 (1.8) | 38.9 (2.0) | 39.1 (1.6) |
| Preterm (gestational age<37 weeks) | 37 (8%) | 14 (10%) | 23 (7%) |
| Breastfeeding duration (weeks) | 27.7 (34.5) | 35.4 (45.1) | 24.6 (28.9) |
| Household Characteristicsa | |||
| Low household income | 293 (61%) | 99 (74%) | 194 (56%) |
| Low parental education | 38 (8%) | 18 (13%) | 20 (6%) |
| No biological father residing at home | 166 (35%) | 56 (42%) | 110 (32%) |
| Maternal Characteristics and Exposures During Pregnancy | |||
| Mother’s age at son’s birth | 23.9 (5.1) | 24.3 (5.2) | 23.7 (5.0) |
| Mother’s age at menarche | 13.3 (1.4) | 13.4 (1.3) | 13.3 (1.4) |
| Maternal alcohol consumption | 59 (13%) | 24 (18%) | 35 (10%) |
| Maternal tobacco smoking | 36 (8%) | 15 (12%) | 21 (6%) |
| Any smoking in household | 228 (48%) | 73 (55%) | 155 (46%) |
Values reported are mean (SD) or N (%). Summary statistics calculated among those with non-missing data; unavailable data included dietary information (n=3), birth weight (n=3), gestational age (n=4), breastfeeding duration (n=11), family income level (n=1), parental education level (n=1), mother’s age at son’s birth (n=5), maternal alcohol consumption (n=16), maternal tobacco smoking (n=13), maternal age at menarche (n=39), and household smoking during pregnancy (n=9).
a
Low household income defined as < US $250/month at study entry. Low parental education classified as secondary school or less.