Table 2.

Mean shifts in timing of pubertal outcomes (pubertal onset, sexual maturity, and time to progression) for boys with higher (≥5 μg/dL) compared to lower blood lead levels

	Unadjusted Models			Adjusted Models^a

Pubertal Indicator	N	Shift in mean age in months (95% CI)	P-value	N	Shift in mean age in months (95% CI)	P-value
Age at Pubertal Onset

Genitalia (G2)	481	9.01 (4.32,13.79)	<0.001	472	8.40 (3.70,13.10)	<0.001
Pubic Hair (P2)	481	7.76 (3.14,12.37)	0.001	478	8.12 (3.46,12.78)	<0.001
Testicular Volume (TV>3mL)	481	8.05 (3.84,12.26)	<0.001	475	7.68 (3.46,11.90)	<0.001

Age at Sexual Maturity

Genitalia (G5)	481	3.60 (−0.02,7.23)	0.051	473	4.20 (0.56,7.84)	0.024
Pubic Hair (P5)	481	5.64 (1.10,10.19)	0.015	480	4.23 (−0.31,8.77)	0.068
Testicular Volume (TV≥20mL)	481	7.00 (3.53,10.47)	<0.001	475	5.14 (1.70,8.58)	0.003

Duration of Pubertal Progression

Genitalia (G2 to G5)	447	−3.62 (−7.85,0.61)	0.093	443	−3.76 (−7.93,0.42)	0.078
Pubic Hair (P2 to P5)	415	−0.37 (−5.35,4.60)	0.88	411	−1.82 (−6.91,3.28)	0.48
Testicular Volume (TV >3 mL to ≥20 mL)	432	−1.10 (−4.84,2.64)	0.56	428	−1.19 (−4.92,2.54)	0.53

Adjusted models include the following additional covariates:

For pubertal onset: birthweight, high caloric intake, low maternal education, and biological father not in home (for G2); high caloric intake and no biological father in home (for P2); birthweight, high caloric intake, and no biological father in hone (for TV2).

For sexual maturity: high caloric intake and mother<20 yrs at birth of son (for G5); low income level and no biological father residing in household (P5); birthweight, low maternal education level, and no biological father residing in household (TV5).

For pubertal progression, restricted to those with observed pubertal onset during follow-un: birthweight and mother<20 yrs at birth of son (for G2 to G5); low income level and low maternal education (for P2 to P5); birthweight (for TV > 3mL to ≥20mL).